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Python图形用户界面(Tkinter)

  • 2026-01-29 20:09:13
Python图形用户界面(Tkinter)
01
什么是Tkinter
Tkinter 是 Python 的标准 GUI(图形用户界面)库,它允许开发者创建跨平台的窗口应用程序,允许开发者轻松地创建窗口、按钮、文本框等控件,以及处理用户交互。因为它与 Python 一起开发,所以不需要单独安装,使用时只需要导入相应的模块即可。
02
安装tkinter

        如果你的环境中没有tkinter,可以使用以下命令安装(在Windows和macOS上通常无需安装):

03
tkinter的使用

1. 基本窗口

要创建一个基本窗口,你首先需要导入 tkinter 库,然后创建一个 Tk 实例,这是主窗口的根。

import tkinter as tk# 创建主窗口root = tk.Tk()# 设置窗口标题root.title("My First Tkinter Window")# 设置窗口大小root.geometry("400x300")# 运行主事件循环root.mainloop()

2. 基本控件 

tkinter 提供了多种控件,例如按钮、标签、文本框等。以下是一些基本控件的示例:
import tkinter as tk# 创建主窗口root = tk.Tk()root.title("Tkinter Widgets")# 标签label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello, Tkinter!")label.pack(pady=10)# 按钮button = tk.Button(root, text="Click Me", command=lambda: print("Button Clicked"))button.pack(pady=10)# 文本框entry = tk.Entry(root)entry.pack(pady=10)# 运行主事件循环root.mainloop()

3. 布局管理

        为了让界面更美观,tkinter 提供了三种主要的布局管理器:pack、grid 和 place。
每种布局管理器都有其特点和用途: 
pack:按照控件的添加顺序自动排列,适合简单的垂直或水平布局。
import tkinter as tkroot = tk.Tk()label1 = tk.Label(root, text="Label 1")label1.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)label2 = tk.Label(root, text="Label 2")label2.pack(side=tk.LEFT, fill=tk.Y)label3 = tk.Label(root, text="Label 3")label3.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)root.mainloop()
grid:允许开发者将控件放置在一个网格中,适合复杂的布局。 
import tkinter as tkroot = tk.Tk()label1 = tk.Label(root, text="Row 0, Column 0")label1.grid(row=0, column=0)label2 = tk.Label(root, text="Row 0, Column 1")label2.grid(row=0, column=1)label3 = tk.Label(root, text="Row 1, Column 0")label3.grid(row=1, column=0)label4 = tk.Label(root, text="Row 1, Column 1")label4.grid(row=1, column=1)root.mainloop()
place:允许开发者通过坐标和尺寸来精确控制控件的位置。
import tkinter as tkroot = tk.Tk()label1 = tk.Label(root, text="Placed Label")label1.place(x=50, y=50)root.mainloop()

4. 事件处理

在 tkinter 中,你可以使用事件绑定来处理用户的交互。例如,可以使用按钮的 command 参数来绑定一个函数,或使用 bind 方法来绑定特定事件。

import tkinter as tkdefon_click(event):    print(f"Mouse clicked at ({event.x}, {event.y})")root = tk.Tk()button = tk.Button(root, text="Click Me")button.pack(pady=20)button.bind("<Button-1>", on_click)  # 绑定鼠标左键点击事件root.mainloop()

5. 高级控件

tkinter 还提供了一些高级控件,例如 Treeview、Combobox 等。

Treeview 控件

Treeview 用于显示层次结构数据,如文件系统目录。

import tkinter as tkfrom tkinter import ttkroot = tk.Tk()tree = ttk.Treeview(root)tree.pack()# 定义列tree["columns"] = ("one""two")tree.column("#0", width=150, minwidth=150)tree.column("one", width=100, minwidth=100)tree.column("two", width=100, minwidth=100)# 定义列标题tree.heading("#0", text="Name")tree.heading("one", text="Column One")tree.heading("two", text="Column Two")# 插入数据tree.insert("""end", text="Parent", values=("1A""1B"))root.mainloop()
Combobox 控件

Combobox 是一个下拉列表框,用户可以从中选择一个选项。

import tkinter as tkfrom tkinter import ttkroot = tk.Tk()combo = ttk.Combobox(root)combo['values'] = ("Option 1""Option 2""Option 3")combo.current(0)  # 设置默认值combo.pack(pady=10)root.mainloop()
6. 文件对话框
tkinter 提供了文件对话框,用于打开和保存文件。
import tkinter as tkfrom tkinter import filedialogdefopen_file():    file_path = filedialog.askopenfilename()    print(f"Selected file: {file_path}")root = tk.Tk()button = tk.Button(root, text="Open File", command=open_file)button.pack(pady=20)root.mainloop()
tkinter是一个功能强大的Python GUI库,允许开发者轻松地创建窗口、添加控件和处理用户交互。通过掌握上述介绍的各种使用方法,开发者可以构建出功能丰富、界面美观的GUI应用程序。
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000596s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000741s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000332s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000259s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000554s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000387s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000616s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 465294 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.003191s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1770535325 WHERE `id` = 465294 [ RunTime:0.013111s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 66 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000259s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 465294 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000513s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 465294 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000566s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 465294 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.003162s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 465294 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.006470s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 465294 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.025952s ]
0.126239s