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Python 数据类型与内置函数详解

  • 2026-06-24 08:16:08
Python 数据类型与内置函数详解

Python 数据类型与内置函数详解

目录

  1. 数据类型概览
  2. 数值类型
  3. 字符串 (str)
  4. 列表 (list)
  5. 元组 (tuple)
  6. 字典 (dict)
  7. 集合 (set)
  8. 布尔值 (bool)
  9. NoneType
  10. 类型转换
  11. 内置函数大全
  12. 实战练习

1. 数据类型概览

Python 是动态类型语言,变量不需要声明类型,解释器会自动推断。

类型分类

分类
类型
可变性
数值
int, float, complex
不可变
序列
str, list, tuple
str/tuple 不可变,list 可变
映射
dict
可变
集合
set, frozenset
set 可变,frozenset 不可变
布尔
bool
不可变
空值
NoneType
不可变

查看类型

type(42)          # <class 'int'>type(3.14)        # <class 'float'>type("hello")     # <class 'str'>type([123])   # <class 'list'>isinstance(42, int)  # Trueisinstance(42, (int, float))  # True

2. 数值类型

整数 (int)

# 整数没有大小限制(受内存限制)a = 42b = -10c = 0# 不同进制decimal = 100# 十进制binary = 0b1010# 二进制: 10octal = 0o755# 八进制: 493hexadecimal = 0xFF# 十六进制: 255# 大整数big_num = 2 ** 100print(big_num)  # 1267650600228229401496703205376# 整数运算10 + 3# 1310 - 3# 710 * 3# 3010 / 3# 3.333... (返回 float)10 // 3# 3 (整除)10 % 3# 1 (取余)10 ** 3# 1000 (幂)

浮点数 (float)

# 浮点数x = 3.14y = -0.5z = 1.0# 科学计数法a = 1.5e10# 15000000000.0b = 2.5e-3# 0.0025# 精度问题(浮点数运算不精确)0.1 + 0.2# 0.30000000000000004round(0.1 + 0.21)  # 0.3# 特殊值float('inf')   # 正无穷float('-inf')  # 负无穷float('nan')   # 非数字

复数 (complex)

z = 3 + 4jz.real    # 3.0 (实部)z.imag    # 4.0 (虚部)z.conjugate()  # (3-4j) (共轭复数)abs(z)    # 5.0 (模)

math 模块常用函数

import mathmath.pi           # 3.141592653589793math.e            # 2.718281828459045math.sqrt(16)     # 4.0math.ceil(3.2)    # 4 (向上取整)math.floor(3.8)   # 3 (向下取整)math.trunc(3.8)   # 3 (截断)math.factorial(5# 120 (阶乘)math.pow(210)   # 1024.0math.log(10010# 2.0 (对数)math.sin(math.pi/2)  # 1.0math.cos(0)       # 1.0

3. 字符串 (str)

创建字符串

s1 = '单引号's2 = "双引号"s3 = '''多行字符串'''s4 = """也可以多行"""# 转义字符"\n"# 换行"\t"# 制表符"\\"# 反斜杠"\""# 双引号r"C:\Users"# 原始字符串,不转义

字符串操作

text = "Hello, Python World!"# 长度len(text)  # 20# 索引与切片text[0]      # 'H'text[-1]     # '!'text[7:13]   # 'Python'text[:5]     # 'Hello'text[7:]     # 'Python World!'text[::-1]   # '!dlroW nohtyP ,olleH'# 拼接与重复"Hello" + " " + "World"# 'Hello World'"Ha" * 3# 'HaHaHa'

常用方法

text = "  Hello, Python World!  "# 大小写转换text.upper()         # '  HELLO, PYTHON WORLD!  'text.lower()         # '  hello, python world!  'text.title()         # '  Hello, Python World!  'text.swapcase()      # 大小写互换text.capitalize()    # 首字母大写# 去除空白text.strip()         # 'Hello, Python World!'text.lstrip()        # 去除左侧空白text.rstrip()        # 去除右侧空白# 查找与替换text.find("Python")      # 9 (返回索引,找不到返回 -1)text.index("Python")     # 9 (找不到抛出异常)text.count("o")          # 2text.replace("Python""Java")text.startswith("Hello"# Truetext.endswith("!")       # True# 分割与连接"apple,banana,orange".split(",")  # ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']"line1\nline2\nline3".splitlines()  # ['line1', 'line2', 'line3']"-".join(["2024""01""15"])  # '2024-01-15'# 判断方法"abc".isalpha()      # True (纯字母)"123".isdigit()      # True (纯数字)"abc123".isalnum()   # True (字母或数字)"   ".isspace()      # True (纯空白)"Hello".istitle()    # True (标题格式)"hello".islower()    # True (全小写)"WORLD".isupper()    # True (全大写)# 填充与对齐"42".zfill(5)        # '00042'"hello".ljust(10"-")  # 'hello-----'"hello".rjust(10"-")  # '-----hello'"hello".center(11"*"# '***hello***'

字符串格式化

name = "Alice"age = 30score = 95.5# f-string (Python 3.6+, 推荐)f"我叫{name},今年{age}岁,得分{score}"f"明年我{age + 1}岁"f"{score:.1f}"# '95.5' (保留1位小数)f"{score:010.2f}"# '0000095.50' (宽度10,补0)f"{name:>10}"# '     Alice' (右对齐)f"{name:<10}"# 'Alice     ' (左对齐)f"{name:^10}"# '  Alice   ' (居中)f"{1000000:,}"# '1,000,000' (千位分隔符)f"{0.85:.1%}"# '85.0%' (百分比)f"{255:x}"# 'ff' (十六进制)f"{255:b}"# '11111111' (二进制)# format() 方法"我叫{},今年{}岁".format(name, age)"我叫{0},{0}今年{1}岁".format(name, age)"我叫{name},今年{age}岁".format(name="Alice", age=30)# % 格式化 (旧式)"我叫%s,今年%d岁" % (name, age)"得分%.2f" % score

4. 列表 (list)

创建列表

# 创建nums = [12345]mixed = [1"hello"True3.14None]nested = [[12], [34], [56]]empty = []from_range = list(range(5))  # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]# 列表推导式squares = [x**2for x in range(10)]evens = [x for x in range(20if x % 2 == 0]matrix = [[i*j for j in range(3)] for i in range(3)]

访问与切片

fruits = ["apple""banana""cherry""date""elderberry"]fruits[0]       # 'apple'fruits[-1]      # 'elderberry'fruits[1:3]     # ['banana', 'cherry']fruits[:3]      # ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']fruits[2:]      # ['cherry', 'date', 'elderberry']fruits[::2]     # ['apple', 'cherry', 'elderberry']fruits[::-1]    # 反转列表

修改列表

nums = [12345]# 修改元素nums[0] = 10# [10, 2, 3, 4, 5]# 切片赋值nums[1:3] = [2030]  # [10, 20, 30, 4, 5]# 添加元素nums.append(6)        # 末尾添加nums.insert(00)     # 指定位置插入nums.extend([78])   # 扩展多个元素nums += [910]       # 等价于 extend# 删除元素nums.pop()            # 删除并返回最后一个nums.pop(0)           # 删除并返回指定位置nums.remove(20)       # 删除第一个匹配值del nums[2:4]         # 切片删除nums.clear()          # 清空列表

列表方法

nums = [31415926]nums.index(4)         # 2 (第一次出现的索引)nums.count(1)         # 2 (出现次数)nums.sort()           # 原地排序nums.sort(reverse=True)  # 降序sorted(nums)          # 返回新列表nums.reverse()        # 原地反转reversed(nums)        # 返回迭代器nums.copy()           # 浅拷贝

列表操作

# 拼接[12] + [34]       # [1, 2, 3, 4]# 重复[0] * 5# [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]# 判断3in [123]        # True5notin [123]    # True# 长度、最大、最小len([123])        # 3max([123])        # 3min([123])        # 1sum([123])        # 6# 解包a, b, c = [123]first, *rest = [12345]  # first=1, rest=[2, 3, 4, 5]

5. 元组 (tuple)

创建元组

# 创建point = (34)colors = ("red""green""blue")single = (42,)        # 单元素元组需要逗号empty = ()# 省略括号coords = 345# 转换tuple([123])      # (1, 2, 3)tuple("hello")        # ('h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o')

元组操作

t = (12321)t[0]          # 1t.count(1)    # 2t.index(2)    # 1len(t)        # 52in t        # True# 元组不可修改# t[0] = 10   # TypeError!

解包

# 基本解包x, y = (34)# 嵌套解包(a, b), (c, d) = (12), (34)# 星号解包first, *middle, last = (12345)# first=1, middle=[2, 3, 4], last=5# 交换变量a, b = b, a

命名元组

from collections import namedtuplePoint = namedtuple('Point', ['x''y'])p = Point(34)p.x    # 3p.y    # 4p[0]   # 3

6. 字典 (dict)

创建字典

# 创建person = {"name""Alice""age"30"city""Beijing"}empty = {}from_pairs = dict([("name""Alice"), ("age"30)])from_kwargs = dict(name="Alice", age=30)# 字典推导式squares = {x: x**2for x in range(5)}# {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}# 默认值字典keys = ["a""b""c"]d = dict.fromkeys(keys, 0)  # {'a': 0, 'b': 0, 'c': 0}

访问与修改

person = {"name""Alice""age"30}# 访问person["name"]           # 'Alice'person.get("name")       # 'Alice'person.get("phone""N/A")  # 'N/A' (默认值)# 修改person["age"] = 31person["phone"] = "123456"# 添加新键# 批量更新person.update({"age"32"email""alice@example.com"})# 删除del person["phone"]person.pop("age")           # 删除并返回值person.popitem()            # 删除并返回最后一个键值对person.clear()              # 清空

字典方法

person = {"name""Alice""age"30"city""Beijing"}person.keys()        # dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'city'])person.values()      # dict_values(['Alice', 30, 'Beijing'])person.items()       # dict_items([('name', 'Alice'), ...])# 遍历for key in person:    print(key)for value in person.values():    print(value)for key, value in person.items():    print(f"{key}{value}")# 安全获取person.setdefault("phone""N/A")  # 不存在则添加并返回默认值

字典合并 (Python 3.9+)

d1 = {"a"1"b"2}d2 = {"b"3"c"4}d1 | d2        # {'a': 1, 'b': 3, 'c': 4}d1 |= d2       # 原地更新

嵌套字典

students = {"Alice": {"age"20"grade""A"},"Bob": {"age"22"grade""B"},}students["Alice"]["age"]  # 20

7. 集合 (set)

创建集合

# 创建fruits = {"apple""banana""orange"}from_list = set([12334])  # {1, 2, 3, 4}empty = set()  # 注意: {} 是空字典# 集合推导式squares = {x**2for x in range(5)}

集合操作

s = {123}# 添加与删除s.add(4)s.update([56])s.remove(3)      # 不存在抛出异常s.discard(3)     # 不存在不报错s.pop()          # 随机删除并返回s.clear()# 长度与判断len(s)           # 长度2in s           # True

集合运算

a = {1234}b = {3456}# 并集a | ba.union(b)# 交集a & ba.intersection(b)# 差集a - ba.difference(b)# 对称差集a ^ ba.symmetric_difference(b)# 子集与超集{12}.issubset(a)      # Truea.issuperset({12})    # True{12}.isdisjoint({34})  # True (无交集)

冻结集合 (frozenset)

# 不可变集合fs = frozenset([123])# fs.add(4)  # AttributeError!# 可作为字典键或集合元素d = {frozenset({12}): "value"}

8. 布尔值 (bool)

布尔运算

TrueandFalse# FalseTrueorFalse# TruenotTrue# False# 短路求值Falseand print("不会执行")Trueor print("不会执行")

真值测试

# 假值bool(False)      # Falsebool(None)       # Falsebool(0)          # Falsebool(0.0)        # Falsebool("")         # Falsebool([])         # Falsebool({})         # Falsebool(set())      # False# 其他所有值都为 Truebool(1)          # Truebool("hello")    # Truebool([12])     # True

比较运算符

1 == 1# True1 != 2# True1 < 2# True1 > 0# True1 <= 1# True1 >= 2# False# 链式比较1 < 2 < 3# True1 == 1 == 1# True# 身份比较a = [123]b = ac = [123]is b           # True (同一对象)is c           # False (不同对象)a == c           # True (值相等)

9. NoneType

# None 表示空值x = None# 判断isNone# TrueisnotNone# False# 函数默认返回值deffunc():passresult = func()  # None# 默认参数defgreet(name=None):if name isNone:        name = "Guest"returnf"Hello, {name}!"

10. 类型转换

内置类型转换函数

# 数值转换int("123")           # 123int("1010"2)       # 10 (二进制转十进制)int(3.9)             # 3 (截断)float("3.14")        # 3.14float("1e5")         # 100000.0complex("3+4j")      # (3+4j)# 字符串转换str(123)             # '123'str(3.14)            # '3.14'str([123])       # '[1, 2, 3]'repr("hello")        # "'hello'" (带引号)# 序列转换list("hello")        # ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']list((123))      # [1, 2, 3]tuple([123])     # (1, 2, 3)set([1223])    # {1, 2, 3}# 字典转换dict([("a"1), ("b"2)])  # {'a': 1, 'b': 2}dict(a=1, b=2)              # {'a': 1, 'b': 2}# 其他bool(1)              # Truebool("")             # Falsechr(65)              # 'A' (ASCII 转字符)ord('A')             # 65 (字符转 ASCII)hex(255)             # '0xff'oct(255)             # '0o377'bin(255)             # '0b11111111'

11. 内置函数大全

数学运算

abs(-10)             # 10 (绝对值)divmod(103)        # (3, 1) (商, 余数)pow(210)           # 1024 (幂)pow(2101000)     # 24 (幂后取模)round(3.141592)    # 3.14max(123)         # 3max([123])       # 3min(123)         # 1sum([123])       # 6sum([123], 10)   # 16 (带初始值)

类型相关

type(42)             # <class 'int'>isinstance(42, int)  # Trueissubclass(bool, int)  # Trueid(x)                # 对象内存地址hash("hello")        # 哈希值

序列操作

# 长度len("hello")         # 5len([123])       # 3# 范围range(5)             # 0, 1, 2, 3, 4range(2102)      # 2, 4, 6, 8# 枚举for i, v in enumerate(["a""b""c"]):    print(i, v)      # 0 a, 1 b, 2 c# 压缩for x, y in zip([12], ["a""b"]):    print(x, y)      # 1 a, 2 b# 映射list(map(str, [123]))  # ['1', '2', '3']list(map(lambda x: x*2, [123]))  # [2, 4, 6]# 过滤list(filter(bool, [01"""hello"]))  # [1, 'hello']# 排序sorted([312])    # [1, 2, 3]sorted("cba")        # ['a', 'b', 'c']sorted([1-23], key=abs)  # [1, -2, 3]sorted([312], reverse=True)  # [3, 2, 1]# 反转reversed([123])  # 迭代器list(reversed([123]))  # [3, 2, 1]# 切片slice(152)       # 切片对象

迭代器相关

# 迭代器iter([123])      # 创建迭代器next(iter([12]))   # 1# 全部消费all([TrueTrue])    # Trueall([TrueFalse])   # Falseany([FalseFalse])  # Falseany([FalseTrue])   # True# 累加import functoolsfunctools.reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, [123])  # 6

输入输出

# 输入name = input("请输入名字: ")# 输出print("Hello")print("a""b", sep="-")      # a-bprint("Hello", end="!")       # 不换行print("Error", file=sys.stderr)# 格式化输出format(3.14159".2f")       # '3.14'format(255"x")             # 'ff'format(42"05d")            # '00042'

对象相关

# 属性操作classObj:    x = 1obj = Obj()getattr(obj, 'x')        # 1setattr(obj, 'y'2)     # 设置属性hasattr(obj, 'x')        # Truedelattr(obj, 'y')        # 删除属性# 方向dir([123])           # 列出所有属性和方法# 可调用callable(print)          # Truecallable(42)             # False# 编译与执行code = compile("print('hello')""<string>""exec")exec(code)               # helloeval("1 + 2")            # 3

类与对象

# 创建类classPerson:def__init__(self, name):        self.name = name# 实例化p = Person("Alice")# 类相关isinstance(p, Person)    # Trueissubclass(Person, object)  # Truevars(p)                  # {'name': 'Alice'}

其他内置函数

# 帮助help(print)# 绝对路径__file__# 全局/局部变量globals()locals()# 静态方法/类方法classMath:    @staticmethoddefadd(a, b):return a + b    @classmethoddeffrom_string(cls, s):return cls()# 属性classTemperature:def__init__(self, celsius):        self._celsius = celsius    @propertydeffahrenheit(self):return self._celsius * 9/5 + 32

12. 实战练习

练习 1: 数据类型判断

defanalyze_type(value):"""分析值的类型并返回信息"""    info = {"value": value,"type": type(value).__name__,"is_mutable"False,"length"None,    }# 判断可变性if isinstance(value, (list, dict, set)):        info["is_mutable"] = True# 获取长度try:        info["length"] = len(value)except TypeError:passreturn info# 测试print(analyze_type([123]))print(analyze_type("hello"))print(analyze_type(42))

练习 2: 列表去重并保持顺序

defunique_keep_order(lst):"""列表去重并保持原有顺序"""    seen = set()    result = []for item in lst:if item notin seen:            seen.add(item)            result.append(item)return result# 测试print(unique_keep_order([3123142]))# 输出: [3, 1, 2, 4]

练习 3: 字典合并工具

defmerge_dicts(*dicts):"""合并多个字典,后面的覆盖前面的"""    result = {}for d in dicts:        result.update(d)return result# 测试d1 = {"a"1"b"2}d2 = {"b"3"c"4}d3 = {"d"5}print(merge_dicts(d1, d2, d3))# 输出: {'a': 1, 'b': 3, 'c': 4, 'd': 5}

练习 4: 字符串统计

defcount_chars(text):"""统计字符串中各类字符数量"""    stats = {"letters"0,"digits"0,"spaces"0,"others"0,    }for char in text:if char.isalpha():            stats["letters"] += 1elif char.isdigit():            stats["digits"] += 1elif char.isspace():            stats["spaces"] += 1else:            stats["others"] += 1return stats# 测试text = "Hello World! 123"print(count_chars(text))# 输出: {'letters': 10, 'digits': 3, 'spaces': 2, 'others': 1}

练习 5: 嵌套数据处理

defflatten(nested):"""展平嵌套列表"""    result = []for item in nested:if isinstance(item, list):            result.extend(flatten(item))else:            result.append(item)return result# 测试nested = [1, [23], [4, [56]], 7]print(flatten(nested))# 输出: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

速查表

常用类型方法速查

类型
常用方法
str
upper, lower, strip, split, join, replace, find, format
list
append, extend, insert, pop, remove, sort, reverse, index, count
dict
keys, values, items, get, pop, update, setdefault
set
add, remove, discard, union, intersection, difference
tuple
index, count

常用内置函数速查

函数
用途
len
获取长度
type
查看类型
isinstance
类型判断
str/int/float/list/dict/set
类型转换
print/input
输入输出
range
生成序列
enumerate
带索引遍历
zip
并行遍历
map
映射
filter
过滤
sorted
排序
max/min/sum
统计
abs/round/pow
数学运算
any/all
逻辑判断

掌握数据类型和内置函数是 Python 编程的基础,建议多练习、多查阅官方文档。

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  1. 请求信息 : 2026-07-03 08:27:37 HTTP/2.0 GET : https://f.mffb.com.cn/a/487189.html
  2. 运行时间 : 0.287644s [ 吞吐率:3.48req/s ] 内存消耗:4,452.64kb 文件加载:140
  3. 缓存信息 : 0 reads,0 writes
  4. 会话信息 : SESSION_ID=b99a93027cc6c06ea4a0aceb9abb3cd8
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000597s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000706s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.025708s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.007659s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000697s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.015784s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000855s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 487189 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.008207s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1783038457 WHERE `id` = 487189 [ RunTime:0.014812s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 66 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.006915s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 487189 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.024803s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 487189 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.030173s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 487189 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.025636s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 487189 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.030499s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 487189 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.023367s ]
0.289342s