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Python协程初步——生成器的进阶应用

  • 2026-07-03 18:58:17
Python协程初步——生成器的进阶应用

一、什么是协程?

协程(Coroutine) 是一种比线程更轻量级的并发编程模型。在 Python 中,协程最早是基于生成器实现的,通过 yield 表达式实现函数的中断和恢复,并且可以通过 send() 方法向协程发送数据。

简单来说:协程是可以暂停执行、可以接收外部传入数据的生成器函数

defsimple_coroutine():
"""最简单的协程示例"""
print("协程开始")
    x = yield
print(f"收到数据: {x}")
    y = yield
print(f"再次收到数据: {y}")

coro = simple_coroutine()
next(coro)          # 启动协程,执行到第一个 yield
coro.send(10)       # 发送数据,协程恢复执行
coro.send(20)       # 再次发送数据

二、为什么需要协程?

  • • 协作式多任务:协程主动让出控制权,不涉及操作系统调度,开销小。
  • • 状态保持:协程自动保存执行状态,无需手动管理。
  • • 双向通信:通过 send() 和 yield,协程可以与调用者双向传递数据。
  • • 简化异步代码:基于协程可以写出看起来像同步代码的异步程序(async/await 的基础)。

三、生成器 vs 协程

特性
生成器
协程
主要用途
产生数据序列
处理数据流、协作式多任务
数据流向
单向(生成器 → 调用者)
双向(调用者 ↔ 协程)
启动方式
next()
 或 for
需要先 next() 激活
发送数据
不支持
支持 send()
异常处理
有限
支持 throw()
典型语法
yield valuevalue = yield

四、协程的基本用法

4.1 最简单的协程

defecho():
"""回显协程:接收数据并打印"""
print("协程已启动")
whileTrue:
        received = yield
print(f"收到: {received}")

coro = echo()
next(coro)          # 必须先激活协程
coro.send("Hello")
coro.send("World")
coro.send("Python")
# 协程不会结束,因为循环是无限的

4.2 协程的四态

协程有四种状态(通过 inspect.getgeneratorstate() 查看):

from inspect import getgeneratorstate

defcoroutine():
    x = yield
    y = yield

coro = coroutine()
print(getgeneratorstate(coro))   # GEN_CREATED(已创建,未启动)

next(coro)
print(getgeneratorstate(coro))   # GEN_SUSPENDED(暂停在 yield)

coro.send(10)
print(getgeneratorstate(coro))   # GEN_SUSPENDED

coro.send(20)                     # StopIteration
# print(getgeneratorstate(coro))  # GEN_CLOSED(已关闭)

4.3 带返回值的协程

defaccumulator():
    total = 0
whileTrue:
        value = yield total
if value isNone:
break
        total += value
return total

acc = accumulator()
next(acc)                    # 启动
print(acc.send(10))          # 10
print(acc.send(20))          # 30
print(acc.send(30))          # 60
try:
    acc.send(None)           # 结束协程
except StopIteration as e:
print(f"最终结果: {e.value}")   # 最终结果: 60

五、协程的装饰器(自动激活)

手动调用 next() 容易忘记,可以使用装饰器自动激活。

defcoroutine(func):
"""装饰器:自动激活协程"""
defwrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        gen = func(*args, **kwargs)
next(gen)           # 自动激活
return gen
return wrapper

@coroutine
defaccumulator():
    total = 0
whileTrue:
        value = yield total
if value isNone:
break
        total += value
return total

acc = accumulator()      # 已经自动激活
print(acc.send(10))      # 10
print(acc.send(20))      # 30

六、协程的异常处理

使用 throw() 方法可以向协程内部抛出异常。

defcoroutine_with_exception():
try:
whileTrue:
            value = yield
print(f"正常处理: {value}")
except ValueError:
print("捕获到 ValueError")
except GeneratorExit:
print("协程被关闭")
else:
print("协程正常结束")
finally:
print("清理资源")

coro = coroutine_with_exception()
next(coro)
coro.send(10)
coro.send(20)
coro.throw(ValueError, "发生错误")
# coro.close()   # 关闭协程,会触发 GeneratorExit

七、协程与管道

多个协程可以串联成处理管道,数据在协程之间流动。

@coroutine
defsource(target):
"""数据源:产生数据并发送给目标协程"""
for i inrange(10):
        target.send(i)
    target.close()

@coroutine
deffilter_odd(target):
"""过滤奇数"""
try:
whileTrue:
            value = yield
if value % 2 == 0:
                target.send(value)
except GeneratorExit:
        target.close()

@coroutine
defsink():
"""数据终点:接收并处理数据"""
try:
whileTrue:
            value = yield
print(f"收到: {value}")
except GeneratorExit:
print("管道结束")

# 构建管道:source -> filter_odd -> sink
s = sink()
f = filter_odd(s)
source(f)

八、协程与 yield from

yield from 可以将协程的执行委托给另一个协程,简化嵌套。

defcoro_a():
for i inrange(3):
        value = yieldf"a: {i}"
print(f"a 收到: {value}")

defcoro_b():
for i inrange(3):
        value = yieldf"b: {i}"
print(f"b 收到: {value}")

defcoro_main():
    a = coro_a()
    b = coro_b()
next(a); next(b)
for i inrange(3):
        result = yieldfrom a
print(f"main 从 a 收到: {result}")
        result = yieldfrom b
print(f"main 从 b 收到: {result}")

main = coro_main()
next(main)
main.send("A1")
main.send("B1")

九、实战案例

9.1 工作队列(生产者-消费者)

from collections import deque
import time

@coroutine
defworker(task_queue, result_queue):
"""工作协程:从队列取任务执行"""
whileTrue:
        task = yield
print(f"处理任务: {task}")
        time.sleep(0.5)          # 模拟工作
        result_queue.append(f"完成: {task}")

@coroutine
deftask_dispatcher(workers, task_queue, result_queue):
"""任务分发器:将任务分配给空闲的工作协程"""
    worker_index = 0
whileTrue:
        task = yield
        workers[worker_index].send(task)
        worker_index = (worker_index + 1) % len(workers)

defproducer(dispatcher, task_queue):
"""生产者:产生任务"""
for i inrange(10):
        task = f"任务-{i}"
print(f"生产: {task}")
        dispatcher.send(task)
        time.sleep(0.2)
    dispatcher.close()

# 创建队列和协程
task_queue = deque()
result_queue = deque()
workers = [worker(task_queue, result_queue) for _ inrange(3)]
dispatcher = task_dispatcher(workers, task_queue, result_queue)
next(dispatcher)

# 启动生产者
producer(dispatcher, task_queue)

9.2 数据流处理管道

@coroutine
defproducer(target):
"""生产数据"""
for i inrange(1101):
        target.send(i)
    target.close()

@coroutine
defmultiply(target, factor=2):
"""乘以系数"""
try:
whileTrue:
            value = yield
            target.send(value * factor)
except GeneratorExit:
        target.close()

@coroutine
deffilter_condition(target, condition):
"""条件过滤"""
try:
whileTrue:
            value = yield
if condition(value):
                target.send(value)
except GeneratorExit:
        target.close()

@coroutine
defcollector():
"""收集结果"""
    results = []
try:
whileTrue:
            value = yield
            results.append(value)
print(f"收集: {value}")
except GeneratorExit:
print(f"总计收集: {len(results)} 条")

# 构建管道:producer -> multiply(3) -> filter(>50) -> collector
c = collector()
f = filter_condition(c, lambda x: x > 50)
m = multiply(f, 3)
producer(m)

9.3 协程实现状态机

defstate_machine():
"""用协程实现状态机"""
    state = "IDLE"
print(f"初始状态: {state}")

whileTrue:
if state == "IDLE":
            event = yield
if event == "start":
                state = "RUNNING"
print("切换到 RUNNING")
else:
print(f"Ignore event: {event}")

elif state == "RUNNING":
            event = yield
if event == "stop":
                state = "STOPPED"
print("切换到 STOPPED")
elif event == "pause":
                state = "PAUSED"
print("切换到 PAUSED")
else:
print(f"运行中处理: {event}")

elif state == "PAUSED":
            event = yield
if event == "resume":
                state = "RUNNING"
print("切换回 RUNNING")
elif event == "stop":
                state = "STOPPED"
print("切换到 STOPPED")

elif state == "STOPPED":
            event = yield
print(f"已停止,忽略事件: {event}")

sm = state_machine()
next(sm)
sm.send("start")
sm.send("工作1")
sm.send("工作2")
sm.send("pause")
sm.send("resume")
sm.send("工作3")
sm.send("stop")
sm.send("任何事件")

十、协程的局限性

  1. 1. 不支持并行:协程本质是单线程的,无法利用多核 CPU。
  2. 2. 手动调度:需要开发者显式地让出控制权。
  3. 3. 调试困难:协程的执行流比普通函数复杂。
  4. 4. 学习曲线:理解 yieldsend()throw()close() 需要时间。

现代 Python 的替代方案

  • • Python 3.5+ 引入了 async/await 语法,提供了更高级的协程支持(原生协程)。
  • • asyncio 库提供了事件循环和异步 I/O 支持,更适合实际开发。

十一、总结

  • • 协程是基于生成器实现的双向通信机制,可以暂停执行并接收外部数据。
  • • 协程有四种状态:GEN_CREATEDGEN_RUNNINGGEN_SUSPENDEDGEN_CLOSED
  • • 协程的启动需要先调用 next() 或 send(None) 激活。
  • • send() 向协程发送数据,throw() 向协程抛出异常,close() 关闭协程。
  • • 协程可以实现轻量级的协作式多任务、数据流管道、状态机等。
  • • 现代 Python 开发中,async/await 和 asyncio 是协程的主流用法,但理解生成器协程是掌握原生协程的基础。

协程是 Python 并发编程的重要组成部分,虽然现代异步编程更多使用 async/await,但理解生成器协程的原理对于深入掌握 Python 的执行模型非常有帮助。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001017s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001543s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000719s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000690s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001375s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000606s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.001455s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 488816 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001171s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1783155446 WHERE `id` = 488816 [ RunTime:0.001598s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 66 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000599s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 488816 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001081s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 488816 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000924s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 488816 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.002183s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 488816 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.001891s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 488816 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.003855s ]
0.199855s