目录
第一章：环境搭建
1.1 安装Python
- 安装时勾选"Add Python to PATH"
- 验证安装：打开终端输入
python --version
1.2 开发工具推荐
- Jupyter Notebook：适合数据分析和学习
1.3 第一个程序
print("Hello, World!")
第二章：基础语法
2.1 注释
# 这是单行注释"""这是多行注释可以写多行"""
2.2 变量
name = "小明"# 字符串age = 12# 整数height = 1.65# 浮点数is_student = True# 布尔值
2.3 输入输出
# 输入name = input("请输入你的名字：")age = int(input("请输入你的年龄："))# 输出print("你好，" + name + "！")print(f"你今年{age}岁了") # f-string格式化
2.4 命名规则
第三章：数据类型
3.1 数字类型
# 整数a = 100b = -50# 浮点数pi = 3.14159c = 2.5e10# 科学计数法# 复数d = 3 + 4j
3.2 布尔类型
x = Truey = False# 布尔运算print(3 > 2) # Trueprint(3 < 2) # Falseprint(3 == 3) # Trueprint(3 != 3) # False
3.3 类型转换
# int() 转整数a = int("123") # 123b = int(3.14) # 3# float() 转浮点数c = float("3.14") # 3.14d = float(100) # 100.0# str() 转字符串e = str(123) # "123"f = str(3.14) # "3.14"# bool() 转布尔print(bool(1)) # Trueprint(bool(0)) # Falseprint(bool("")) # False
3.4 类型检查
x = 100print(type(x)) # <class 'int'>
第四章：运算符
4.1 算术运算符
a = 10b = 3print(a + b) # 13 加法print(a - b) # 7 减法print(a * b) # 30 乘法print(a / b) # 3.333... 除法print(a // b) # 3 整除print(a % b) # 1 取余print(a ** b) # 1000 幂运算
4.2 比较运算符
x = 10y = 20print(x > y) # Falseprint(x < y) # Trueprint(x >= 10) # Trueprint(x <= 10) # Trueprint(x == y) # Falseprint(x != y) # True
4.3 逻辑运算符
x = Truey = Falseprint(x and y) # Falseprint(x or y) # Trueprint(not x) # False
4.4 赋值运算符
a = 10a += 5# a = a + 5 = 15a -= 3# a = a - 3 = 12a *= 2# a = a * 2 = 24a /= 4# a = a / 4 = 6.0a //= 2# a = a // 2 = 3.0a %= 2# a = a % 2 = 1.0
第五章：条件判断
5.1 if语句
score = 85if score >= 90: print("优秀")elif score >= 80: print("良好")elif score >= 70: print("中等")elif score >= 60: print("及格")else: print("不及格")
5.2 嵌套if
age = 25has_id = Trueif age >= 18:if has_id: print("可以进入")else: print("请出示身份证")else: print("未成年不能进入")
5.3 三元表达式
x = 10result = "正数"if x > 0else"非正数"print(result) # 正数
5.4 match-case（Python 3.10+）
command = "start"match command: case "start": print("启动程序") case "stop": print("停止程序") case _: print("未知命令")
第六章：循环结构
6.1 for循环
# 遍历列表fruits = ["苹果", "香蕉", "橘子"]for fruit in fruits: print(fruit)# 使用range()for i in range(1, 6): print(i) # 1 2 3 4 5# 带步长的rangefor i in range(0, 10, 2): print(i) # 0 2 4 6 8
6.2 while循环
count = 1while count <= 5: print(count) count += 1
6.3 break和continue
# break 跳出循环for i in range(1, 11):if i == 5:break print(i) # 1 2 3 4# continue 跳过当前循环for i in range(1, 11):if i % 2 == 0:continue print(i) # 1 3 5 7 9
6.4 循环与else
for i in range(5):if i == 10:breakelse: print("循环正常结束") # 会执行，因为没有break
第七章：函数
7.1 函数定义与调用
defgreet(name): print(f"你好，{name}！")greet("小明") # 你好，小明！
7.2 返回值
defadd(a, b):return a + bresult = add(3, 5)print(result) # 8
7.3 默认参数
defgreet(name, greeting="你好"): print(f"{greeting}，{name}！")greet("小明") # 你好，小明！greet("小明", "早上好") # 早上好，小明！
7.4 可变参数
# *args 接收任意数量的位置参数defadd_all(*numbers):return sum(numbers)print(add_all(1, 2, 3, 4)) # 10# **kwargs 接收任意数量的关键字参数defprint_info(**info):for key, value in info.items(): print(f"{key}: {value}")print_info(name="小明", age=12)
7.5 Lambda函数
add = lambda a, b: a + bprint(add(3, 5)) # 8# 常用于排序students = [("小明", 85), ("小红", 92), ("小刚", 78)]students.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)print(students) # [('小红', 92), ('小明', 85), ('小刚', 78)]
7.6 作用域
x = 10# 全局变量deffunc(): x = 20# 局部变量 print(x) # 20func()print(x) # 10# 使用global修改全局变量deffunc2():global x x = 30func2()print(x) # 30
第八章：数据结构
8.1 列表（List）
# 创建列表fruits = ["苹果", "香蕉", "橘子"]numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]# 访问元素print(fruits[0]) # 苹果print(fruits[-1]) # 橘子# 切片print(numbers[1:3]) # [2, 3]print(numbers[:3]) # [1, 2, 3]print(numbers[2:]) # [3, 4, 5]# 常用方法fruits.append("葡萄") # 添加元素fruits.insert(1, "西瓜") # 插入元素fruits.remove("香蕉") # 删除元素fruits.pop() # 删除最后一个fruits.sort() # 排序fruits.reverse() # 反转fruits.index("苹果") # 查找索引fruits.count("苹果") # 统计个数len(fruits) # 长度
8.2 元组（Tuple）
# 创建元组colors = ("红", "绿", "蓝")# 访问元素print(colors[0]) # 红# 元组不可修改# colors[0] = "黄" # 报错# 解包a, b, c = colorsprint(a, b, c) # 红 绿 蓝
8.3 字典（Dictionary）
# 创建字典student = {"name": "小明","age": 12,"score": 85}# 访问元素print(student["name"]) # 小明print(student.get("age")) # 12# 修改/添加元素student["age"] = 13student["gender"] = "男"# 删除元素del student["score"]student.pop("gender")# 遍历字典for key, value in student.items(): print(f"{key}: {value}")# 获取所有键/值print(student.keys())print(student.values())
8.4 集合（Set）
# 创建集合fruits = {"苹果", "香蕉", "橘子"}# 添加元素fruits.add("葡萄")# 删除元素fruits.remove("香蕉")# 集合运算set1 = {1, 2, 3}set2 = {2, 3, 4}print(set1 | set2) # 并集 {1, 2, 3, 4}print(set1 & set2) # 交集 {2, 3}print(set1 - set2) # 差集 {1}
第九章：字符串操作
9.1 字符串基础
s = "Hello, World!"print(len(s)) # 13print(s[0]) # Hprint(s[-1]) # !print(s[0:5]) # Hello
9.2 常用方法
s = " Hello, World! "print(s.strip()) # "Hello, World!" 去除空格print(s.lower()) # " hello, world! " 转小写print(s.upper()) # " HELLO, WORLD! " 转大写print(s.replace("H", "J")) # " Jello, World! " 替换print(s.split(",")) # [' Hello', ' World! '] 分割print(s.find("World")) # 9 查找位置print(s.count("l")) # 3 统计个数
9.3 字符串格式化
name = "小明"age = 12# 方法1：f-string（推荐）print(f"我叫{name}，今年{age}岁")# 方法2：formatprint("我叫{}，今年{}岁".format(name, age))# 方法3：%格式化print("我叫%s，今年%d岁" % (name, age))
9.4 字符串判断
s = "Hello123"print(s.isalpha()) # False 是否全是字母print(s.isdigit()) # False 是否全是数字print(s.isalnum()) # True 是否全是字母或数字print(s.isspace()) # False 是否全是空格
第十章：文件操作
10.1 读写文件
# 写入文件with open("test.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f: f.write("Hello, World!\n") f.write("第二行\n")# 读取文件with open("test.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: content = f.read() print(content)
10.2 文件模式
# "r" 只读（默认）# "w" 写入（覆盖）# "a" 追加# "r+" 读写# "wb" 二进制写入# "rb" 二进制读取
10.3 逐行读取
with open("test.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:for line in f: print(line.strip())
10.4 读取到列表
with open("test.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: lines = f.readlines() print(lines)
10.5 文件操作实战：成绩管理
# 写入成绩defsave_scores(scores):with open("scores.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:for name, score in scores.items(): f.write(f"{name},{score}\n")# 读取成绩defload_scores(): scores = {}with open("scores.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:for line in f: name, score = line.strip().split(",") scores[name] = int(score)return scores# 使用scores = {"小明": 85, "小红": 92, "小刚": 78}save_scores(scores)loaded_scores = load_scores()print(loaded_scores)
第十一章：异常处理
11.1 try-except
try: num = int(input("请输入数字：")) result = 10 / num print(f"结果：{result}")except ValueError: print("输入的不是数字")except ZeroDivisionError: print("不能除以零")except Exception as e: print(f"发生错误：{e}")
11.2 try-except-else-finally
try: num = int(input("请输入数字：")) result = 10 / numexcept ValueError: print("输入的不是数字")except ZeroDivisionError: print("不能除以零")else: print(f"结果：{result}") # 没有异常时执行finally: print("程序结束") # 无论如何都执行
11.3 自定义异常
classAgeError(Exception):def__init__(self, message="年龄必须在0-150之间"): self.message = message super().__init__(self.message)defcheck_age(age):if age < 0or age > 150:raise AgeError() print(f"年龄：{age}")try: check_age(200)except AgeError as e: print(e) # 年龄必须在0-150之间
第十二章：模块与包
12.1 导入模块
# 导入整个模块import mathprint(math.pi)# 导入特定函数from math import sqrtprint(sqrt(16))# 导入并起别名import numpy as np# 导入所有（不推荐）from math import *
12.2 常用内置模块
import os # 操作系统相关import sys # 系统相关import datetime # 日期时间import json # JSON处理import re # 正则表达式import random # 随机数import math # 数学函数
12.3 自定义模块
# mymodule.pydefadd(a, b):return a + bdefsubtract(a, b):return a - bPI = 3.14159
# main.pyimport mymoduleprint(mymodule.add(3, 5))print(mymodule.PI)
12.4 包
mypackage/├── __init__.py├── module1.py└── module2.py
from mypackage import module1from mypackage.module2 import func
第十三章：面向对象编程
13.1 类与对象
classDog:def__init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = agedefbark(self): print(f"{self.name}在汪汪叫")definfo(self): print(f"名字：{self.name}，年龄：{self.age}岁")# 创建对象dog1 = Dog("旺财", 3)dog1.bark() # 旺财在汪汪叫dog1.info() # 名字：旺财，年龄：3岁
13.2 继承
classAnimal:def__init__(self, name): self.name = namedefspeak(self):passclassDog(Animal):defspeak(self):returnf"{self.name}：汪汪汪！"classCat(Animal):defspeak(self):returnf"{self.name}：喵喵喵！"dog = Dog("旺财")cat = Cat("咪咪")print(dog.speak()) # 旺财：汪汪汪！print(cat.speak()) # 咪咪：喵喵喵！
13.3 多态
defanimal_sound(animal): print(animal.speak())animal_sound(Dog("旺财"))animal_sound(Cat("咪咪"))
13.4 属性装饰器
classCircle:def__init__(self, radius): self._radius = radius @propertydefradius(self):return self._radius @radius.setterdefradius(self, value):if value < 0:raise ValueError("半径不能为负") self._radius = value @propertydefarea(self):return3.14 * self._radius ** 2c = Circle(5)print(c.area) # 78.5c.radius = 10print(c.area) # 314.0
13.5 特殊方法
classVector:def__init__(self, x, y): self.x = x self.y = ydef__str__(self):returnf"Vector({self.x}, {self.y})"def__add__(self, other):return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)def__len__(self):return int((self.x**2 + self.y**2)**0.5)v1 = Vector(3, 4)v2 = Vector(1, 2)print(v1) # Vector(3, 4)print(v1 + v2) # Vector(4, 6)print(len(v1)) # 5
第十四章：迭代器与生成器
14.1 迭代器
nums = [1, 2, 3]it = iter(nums)print(next(it)) # 1print(next(it)) # 2print(next(it)) # 3
14.2 生成器
defcountdown(n):while n > 0:yield n n -= 1for i in countdown(5): print(i) # 5 4 3 2 1
14.3 生成器表达式
# 列表推导式（占用内存）squares_list = [x**2for x in range(1000000)]# 生成器表达式（节省内存）squares_gen = (x**2for x in range(1000000))print(next(squares_gen)) # 0print(next(squares_gen)) # 1
14.4 实战：读取大文件
defread_large_file(file_path):with open(file_path, 'r') as f:for line in f:yield line.strip()# 不会一次性加载整个文件到内存for line in read_large_file("large_file.txt"): process(line)
第十五章：装饰器
15.1 函数装饰器
deftimer(func):import timedefwrapper(*args, **kwargs): start = time.time() result = func(*args, **kwargs) end = time.time() print(f"{func.__name__} 执行时间：{end - start:.2f}秒")return resultreturn wrapper@timerdefslow_function():import time time.sleep(1) print("函数执行完毕")slow_function()
15.2 带参数的装饰器
defrepeat(times):defdecorator(func):defwrapper(*args, **kwargs):for _ in range(times): result = func(*args, **kwargs)return resultreturn wrapperreturn decorator@repeat(times=3)defgreet(name): print(f"你好，{name}！")greet("小明")
15.3 类装饰器
classTimer:def__init__(self, func): self.func = funcdef__call__(self, *args, **kwargs):import time start = time.time() result = self.func(*args, **kwargs) end = time.time() print(f"执行时间：{end - start:.2f}秒")return result@Timerdefslow_function():import time time.sleep(1)slow_function()
第十六章：正则表达式
16.1 基础用法
import re# 查找text = "我的电话是13812345678，邮箱是test@example.com"phone = re.search(r'1[3-9]\d{9}', text)if phone: print(f"找到电话：{phone.group()}")# 匹配所有emails = re.findall(r'[\w.]+@[\w.]+', text)print(emails)
16.2 常用模式
import re# 常用元字符# \d 数字# \w 字母数字下划线# \s 空白字符# . 任意字符# * 0次或多次# + 1次或多次# ? 0次或1次# {n} 恰好n次# {n,m} n到m次# ^ 开始# $ 结束# 示例text = "2024-01-15"date = re.match(r'(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})', text)if date: year, month, day = date.groups() print(f"年：{year}，月：{month}，日：{day}")
16.3 替换与分割
import re# 替换text = "电话：138-1234-5678"cleaned = re.sub(r'-', '', text)print(cleaned) # 电话：13812345678# 分割text = "苹果,香蕉 橘子;葡萄"parts = re.split(r'[,;\s]+', text)print(parts) # ['苹果', '香蕉', '橘子', '葡萄']
第十七章：多线程与多进程
17.1 多线程
import threadingimport timedefworker(name): print(f"线程{name}开始") time.sleep(1) print(f"线程{name}结束")# 创建线程t1 = threading.Thread(target=worker, args=("A",))t2 = threading.Thread(target=worker, args=("B",))# 启动线程t1.start()t2.start()# 等待线程结束t1.join()t2.join()print("所有线程完成")
17.2 线程安全
import threadingcounter = 0lock = threading.Lock()defincrement():global counterfor _ in range(100000): lock.acquire() counter += 1 lock.release()threads = [threading.Thread(target=increment) for _ in range(5)]for t in threads: t.start()for t in threads: t.join()print(counter) # 500000
17.3 多进程
from multiprocessing import Processimport osdefworker(): print(f"进程{os.getpid()}开始")if __name__ == "__main__": processes = [Process(target=worker) for _ in range(3)]for p in processes: p.start()for p in processes: p.join()
第十八章：网络编程
18.1 TCP客户端
import socketclient = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)client.connect(("www.example.com", 80))client.send(b"GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: www.example.com\r\n\r\n")response = client.recv(1024)print(response.decode())client.close()
18.2 TCP服务器
import socketserver = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)server.bind(("0.0.0.0", 8888))server.listen(5)print("服务器启动，等待连接...")whileTrue: client, addr = server.accept() print(f"连接来自：{addr}") data = client.recv(1024) client.send(data) client.close()
18.3 HTTP请求
import requests# GET请求response = requests.get("https://api.github.com")print(response.json())# POST请求data = {"username": "test", "password": "123456"}response = requests.post("https://httpbin.org/post", data=data)print(response.json())
第十九章：数据库操作
19.1 SQLite
import sqlite3# 连接数据库conn = sqlite3.connect("test.db")cursor = conn.cursor()# 创建表cursor.execute("""CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INTEGER)""")# 插入数据cursor.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)", ("小明", 12))conn.commit()# 查询数据cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users")users = cursor.fetchall()for user in users: print(user)# 关闭连接conn.close()
19.2 MySQL
import pymysql# 连接数据库conn = pymysql.connect( host="localhost", user="root", password="password", database="test")cursor = conn.cursor()# 执行SQLcursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users")users = cursor.fetchall()for user in users: print(user)conn.close()
19.3 ORM：SQLAlchemy
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Column, Integer, Stringfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_basefrom sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmakerBase = declarative_base()classUser(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String) age = Column(Integer)engine = create_engine('sqlite:///test.db')Base.metadata.create_all(engine)Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)session = Session()# 添加用户new_user = User(name="小明", age=12)session.add(new_user)session.commit()# 查询用户users = session.query(User).all()for user in users: print(user.name, user.age)
第二十章：实战项目
20.1 待办事项管理
import jsonTODO_FILE = "todos.json"defload_todos():try:with open(TODO_FILE, 'r') as f:return json.load(f)except FileNotFoundError:return []defsave_todos(todos):with open(TODO_FILE, 'w') as f: json.dump(todos, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)defadd_todo(title): todos = load_todos() todos.append({"title": title, "done": False}) save_todos(todos) print(f"已添加：{title}")defcomplete_todo(index): todos = load_todos()if0 <= index < len(todos): todos[index]["done"] = True save_todos(todos) print(f"已完成：{todos[index]['title']}")defshow_todos(): todos = load_todos()ifnot todos: print("暂无待办事项")returnfor i, todo in enumerate(todos): status = "✓"if todo["done"] else" " print(f"{i}. [{status}] {todo['title']}")defmain():whileTrue: print("\n1. 添加待办") print("2. 完成待办") print("3. 查看待办") print("4. 退出") choice = input("请选择：")if choice == "1": title = input("输入待办内容：") add_todo(title)elif choice == "2": index = int(input("输入待办编号：")) complete_todo(index)elif choice == "3": show_todos()elif choice == "4":breakif __name__ == "__main__": main()
20.2 简易计算器
defcalculator():whileTrue: print("\n1. 加法") print("2. 减法") print("3. 乘法") print("4. 除法") print("5. 退出") choice = input("请选择运算：")if choice == "5":breakif choice in ("1", "2", "3", "4"): a = float(input("输入第一个数：")) b = float(input("输入第二个数："))if choice == "1": print(f"结果：{a + b}")elif choice == "2": print(f"结果：{a - b}")elif choice == "3": print(f"结果：{a * b}")elif choice == "4":if b != 0: print(f"结果：{a / b}")else: print("错误：除数不能为0")else: print("无效选择")if __name__ == "__main__": calculator()
20.3 批量文件重命名
import osdefbatch_rename(folder_path, old_str, new_str):for filename in os.listdir(folder_path):if old_str in filename: new_filename = filename.replace(old_str, new_str) old_path = os.path.join(folder_path, filename) new_path = os.path.join(folder_path, new_filename) os.rename(old_path, new_path) print(f"重命名：{filename} -> {new_filename}")# 使用示例# batch_rename("D:/photos", "IMG_", "照片_")
20.4 简易爬虫
import requestsfrom bs4 import BeautifulSoupdefscrape_title(url): response = requests.get(url) soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')return soup.title.stringdefscrape_links(url): response = requests.get(url) soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser') links = []for link in soup.find_all('a', href=True): links.append(link['href'])return links# 使用示例# title = scrape_title("https://www.example.com")# print(title)
20.5 数据可视化
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt# 折线图x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]y = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]plt.plot(x, y, marker='o')plt.xlabel('X轴')plt.ylabel('Y轴')plt.title('折线图')plt.savefig('line_chart.png')plt.show()# 柱状图categories = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']values = [15, 30, 45, 20]plt.bar(categories, values)plt.title('柱状图')plt.savefig('bar_chart.png')plt.show()# 饼图sizes = [30, 25, 20, 25]labels = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']plt.pie(sizes, labels=labels, autopct='%1.1f%%')plt.title('饼图')plt.savefig('pie_chart.png')plt.show()
附录：Python常用内置函数
# 数学函数abs(-5) # 5 绝对值max(1, 2, 3) # 3 最大值min(1, 2, 3) # 1 最小值sum([1, 2, 3]) # 6 求和round(3.14, 1) # 3.1 四舍五入# 序列函数len([1, 2, 3]) # 3 长度sorted([3, 1, 2]) # [1, 2, 3] 排序enumerate(['a', 'b']) # [(0, 'a'), (1, 'b')] 枚举zip([1, 2], ['a', 'b']) # [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')] 打包# 类型转换int("123") # 123float("3.14") # 3.14str(123) # "123"list("abc") # ['a', 'b', 'c']dict([("a", 1), ("b", 2)]) # {'a': 1, 'b': 2}# 其他type(123) # <class 'int'>isinstance(123, int) # Trueid([1, 2, 3]) # 对象唯一标识hash("hello") # 哈希值
结语
恭喜你完成了Python完整教程的学习！这份教程涵盖了Python从入门到进阶的所有核心知识点。记住：
- 善用文档和社区 - Python官方文档是最好的学习资源
祝你编程之路越走越远！
