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未来有望干掉 Python 和 JavaScript 的编程语言

  • 2026-01-06 19:42:52
未来有望干掉 Python 和 JavaScript 的编程语言

作者丨Richard Kenneth Eng

译者丨刘志勇

策划丨Tina

Python 和 JavaScript 是两门非常有影响力的编程语言,二者都是我们在打造跨平台应用时会用到的主流语言。由于 Python 和 JavaScript 都是脚本语言,因此它们有很多共同的特性,都需要解释器来运行,都是动态类型,都支持自动内存管理,都可以调用 eval()来执行脚本等等脚本语言所共有的特性。在过去这些年来,Python 和 JavaScript 占据着主导型地位,但有句话说得好,长江后浪推前浪,青出于蓝胜于蓝。如果将来有一天,Python 和 JavaScript 被打败赶下榜单,那这个挑战者会是谁呢?退休的软件工程师 Richard Kenneth Eng 为我们分享了他的看法,罗列了那些他认为有望打败 Python 和 JavaScript 的编程语言。

Python 和 JavaScript 是当今最热门的两种编程语言。但是,它们不可能永远位居榜首。最终,它们一定会失宠,就像所有的编程语言一样。这很可能在未来十年内就会发生。

哪些编程语言有望取代它们呢?下面就是我列出的挑战者名单。

  Dart  

由于 Flutter 框架和 Google 的认可,这门语言迅速流行起来。它与使 Ruby 如此流行的驱动力相似:Rails 框架。

如果 Google 的新操作系统 Fuchsia 取得成功的话,Dart 将会成为其中心。

主要优势:它是一种比 JavaScript 更优秀的编程语言。

主要缺点:它面对来自 JavaScript 及其迷惑的群体的对抗。

曼德勃罗分形图(Mandelbrot set)示例代码:

class Complex {  double _r,_i;  Complex(this._r,this._i);  double get r => _r;  double get i => _i;  String toString() => "($r,$i)";  Complex operator +(Complex other) => new Complex(r+other.r,i+other.i);  Complex operator *(Complex other) =>      new Complex(r*other.r-i*other.i,r*other.i+other.r*i);  double abs() => r*r+i*i;}void main() {  double start_x=-1.5;  double start_y=-1.0;  double step_x=0.03;  double step_y=0.1;  for(int y=0;y<20;y++) {    String line="";    for(int x=0;x<70;x++) {      Complex c=new Complex(start_x+step_x*x,start_y+step_y*y);      Complex z=new Complex(0.0, 0.0);      for(int i=0;i<100;i++) {        z=z*(z)+c;        if(z.abs()>2) {          break;        }      }      line+=z.abs()>2 ? " " : "*";    }    print(line);  }}
  Elixir  

Elixir 是 Erlang 的派生语言,具有改进的语法,以及与 Erlang 相同的、惊人的并发性支持。作为一种纯函数式语言,它很有可能将这一范式提升为主流。

主要优点:它使函数式编程变得异常简单。它非常适合并发性。

主要缺点:需要了解潜在的一次性可编程基础知识,这可能是一项艰巨的任务。

曼德勃罗分形图(Mandelbrot set)示例代码:

defmodule Mandelbrot do  def set do    xsize = 59    ysize = 21    minIm = -1.0    maxIm = 1.0    minRe = -2.0    maxRe = 1.0    stepX = (maxRe - minRe) / xsize    stepY = (maxIm - minIm) / ysize    Enum.each(0..ysize, fn y ->      im = minIm + stepY * y      Enum.map(0..xsize, fn x ->        re = minRe + stepX * x        62 - loop(0, re, im, re, im, re*re+im*im)      end) |> IO.puts    end)  end  defp loop(n, _, _, _, _, _) when n>=30, do: n  defp loop(n, _, _, _, _, v) when v>4.0, do: n-1  defp loop(n, re, im, zr, zi, _) do    a = zr * zr    b = zi * zi    loop(n+1, re, im, a-b+re, 2*zr*zi+im, a+b)  endendMandelbrot.set
Golang

另一种 Google 支持的语言 Golang,得益于其闪电般的编译速度、简单高效的并发性以及非凡的简单性,它被证明是赢家。唯一缺少的就是泛型,不过,这个特性已经在路线图上了。

主要优点:超级简单,对并发性支持非常好。

主要缺点:它(目前)缺少泛型。

曼德勃罗分形图(Mandelbrot set)示例代码:

package mainimport (    "fmt"    "image"    "image/color"    "image/draw"    "image/png"    "math/cmplx"    "os")const (    maxEsc = 100    rMin   = -2.    rMax   = .5    iMin   = -1.    iMax   = 1.    width  = 750    red    = 230    green  = 235    blue   = 255)func mandelbrot(a complex128) float64 {    i := 0    for z := a; cmplx.Abs(z) < 2 && i < maxEsc; i++ {        z = z*z + a    }    return float64(maxEsc-i) / maxEsc}func main() {    scale := width / (rMax - rMin)    height := int(scale * (iMax - iMin))    bounds := image.Rect(0, 0, width, height)    b := image.NewNRGBA(bounds)    draw.Draw(b, bounds, image.NewUniform(color.Black), image.ZP, draw.Src)    for x := 0; x < width; x++ {        for y := 0; y < height; y++ {            fEsc := mandelbrot(complex(                float64(x)/scale+rMin,                float64(y)/scale+iMin))            b.Set(x, y, color.NRGBA{uint8(red * fEsc),                uint8(green * fEsc), uint8(blue * fEsc), 255})        }    }    f, err := os.Create("mandelbrot.png")    if err != nil {        fmt.Println(err)        return    }    if err = png.Encode(f, b); err != nil {        fmt.Println(err)    }    if err = f.Close(); err != nil {        fmt.Println(err)    }}
  Julia  


Julia 的优势在于它对数学计算的出色支持。数学友好的语法对数学家来说非常有用。如果有哪种语言可以推翻 Python,那么 Julia 肯定是一个竞争者。

主要优点:这门语言是为科学家精心设计的。

主要缺点:这门语言面临数据科学之王 Python 的挑战。

曼德勃罗分形图(Mandelbrot set)示例代码:

using Images@inline function hsv2rgb(h, s, v)    const c = v * s    const x = c * (1 - abs(((h/60) % 2) - 1))    const m = v - c    const r,g,b =        if h < 60            (c, x, 0)        elseif h < 120            (x, c, 0)        elseif h < 180            (0, c, x)        elseif h < 240            (0, x, c)        elseif h < 300            (x, 0, c)        else            (c, 0, x)        end    (r + m), (b + m), (g + m)endfunction mandelbrot()    const w, h = 1000, 1000    const zoom  = 0.5    const moveX = 0    const moveY = 0    const img = Array{RGB{Float64}}(h, w)    const maxIter = 30    for x in 1:w        for y in 1:h            i = maxIter            const c = Complex(                (2*x - w) / (w * zoom) + moveX,                (2*y - h) / (h * zoom) + moveY            )            z = c            while abs(z) < 2 && (i -= 1) > 0                z = z^2 + c            end            const r,g,b = hsv2rgb(i / maxIter * 360, 1, i / maxIter)            img[y,x] = RGB{Float64}(r, g, b)        end    end    save("mandelbrot_set.png", img)endmandelbrot()
Kotlin

Kotlin 是更好的 Java。事实上,它实际上就是 Java 的一个可以立即使用的替代品。Google 已经将其打造成 Android 开发的一流语言。

主要优点:它是一种升级版的 Java。

主要缺点:它是一种非常庞大的语言,即使与 Java 相比也是如此。

曼德勃罗分形图(Mandelbrot set)示例代码:

import java.awt.Graphicsimport java.awt.image.BufferedImageimport javax.swing.JFrameclass Mandelbrot: JFrame("Mandelbrot Set") {    companion object {        private const val MAX_ITER = 570        private const val ZOOM = 150.0    }    private val img: BufferedImage    init {        setBounds(100, 100, 800, 600)        isResizable = false        defaultCloseOperation = EXIT_ON_CLOSE        img = BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB)        for (y in 0 until height) {            for (x in 0 until width) {                var zx = 0.0                var zy = 0.0                val cX = (x - 400) / ZOOM                val cY = (y - 300) / ZOOM                var iter = MAX_ITER                while (zx * zx + zy * zy < 4.0 && iter > 0) {                    val tmp = zx * zx - zy * zy + cX                    zy = 2.0 * zx * zy + cY                    zx = tmp                    iter--                }                img.setRGB(x, y, iter or (iter shl 7))            }        }    }    override fun paint(g: Graphics) {        g.drawImage(img, 0, 0, this)    }}fun main(args: Array<String>) {    Mandelbrot().isVisible = true}
   Lua   

主要优点:Lua 是一种小巧、简单、快速、可嵌入、可移植的灵活的语言。

主要缺点:它已经被人们忽视了 26 年,现在会有什么改变呢?

曼德勃罗分形图(Mandelbrot set)示例代码:

local maxIterations = 250local minX, maxX, minY, maxY = -2.5, 2.5, -2.5, 2.5local miX, mxX, miY, mxYfunction remap( x, t1, t2, s1, s2 )    local f = ( x - t1 ) / ( t2 - t1 )    local g = f * ( s2 - s1 ) + s1    return g;endfunction drawMandelbrot()    local pts, a, as, za, b, bs, zb, cnt, clr = {}    for j = 0, hei - 1 do        for i = 0, wid - 1 do            a = remap( i, 0, wid, minX, maxX )            b = remap( j, 0, hei, minY, maxY )            cnt = 0; za = a; zb = b            while( cnt < maxIterations ) do                as = a * a - b * b; bs = 2 * a * b                a = za + as; b = zb + bs                if math.abs( a ) + math.abs( b ) > 16 then break end                cnt = cnt + 1            end            if cnt == maxIterations then clr = 0            else clr = remap( cnt, 0, maxIterations, 0, 255 )            end            pts[1] = { i, j, clr, clr, 0, 255 }            love.graphics.points( pts )        end    endendfunction startFractal()    love.graphics.setCanvas( canvas ); love.graphics.clear()    love.graphics.setColor( 255, 255, 255 )    drawMandelbrot(); love.graphics.setCanvas()endfunction love.load()    wid, hei = love.graphics.getWidth(), love.graphics.getHeight()    canvas = love.graphics.newCanvas( wid, hei )    startFractal()endfunction love.mousepressed( x, y, button, istouch )    if button ==  1 then        startDrag = true; miX = x; miY = y    else        minX = -2.5; maxX = 2.5; minY = minX; maxY = maxX        startFractal()        startDrag = false    endendfunction love.mousereleased( x, y, button, istouch )    if startDrag then        local l        if x > miX then mxX = x        else l = x; mxX = miX; miX = l        end        if y > miY then mxY = y        else l = y; mxY = miY; miY = l        end        miX = remap( miX, 0, wid, minX, maxX )         mxX = remap( mxX, 0, wid, minX, maxX )        miY = remap( miY, 0, hei, minY, maxY )         mxY = remap( mxY, 0, hei, minY, maxY )        minX = miX; maxX = mxX; minY = miY; maxY = mxY        startFractal()    endendfunction love.draw()    love.graphics.draw( canvas )end
Pharo

Pharo 是 Smalltalk 的现代变体,Smalltalk 是一种非常高效的面向对象编程语言。实际上,Smalltalk 是面向对象编程的典范,它几乎启发了地球上所有其他面向对象编程语言的灵感。最后,没有一种语言比 Smalltalk 更适合面向对象编程了。

Pharo 还是世界上最简单、最优雅的语言之一。你可以在 15 分钟内学会 Smalltalk 的全部语法!

主要优点:它的工作效率非常高效,就像工作效率提高了 5 倍一样!

主要缺点:掌握这种语言,需要一种不同的编程思维。但人们往往害怕改变。

分形树示例代码:

Object subclass: #FractalTree    instanceVariableNames: ''    classVariableNames: ''    poolDictionaries: ''    category: 'RosettaCode'"Methods for FractalTree class"tree: aPoint length: aLength angle: anAngle    | p a |    (aLength > 10) ifTrue: [        p := Pen new.        p up.        p goto: aPoint.        p turn: anAngle.        p down.        5 timesRepeat: [            p go: aLength / 5.            p turn: 5.        ].        a := anAngle - 30.        3 timesRepeat: [            self tree: p location length: aLength * 0.7 angle: a.            a := a + 30.        ]    ].draw    Display restoreAfter: [        Display fillWhite.              self tree: 700@700 length: 200 angle: 0.    ]"Execute"FractalTree new draw.
  Rust  

Rust 因其内存安全特性:借位检查器而得到了广泛的认可。这个特性实际上消除了所有与内存相关的编程错误。Rust 保证了编程的安全性。

主要优点:它有助于使软件更可靠。

主要缺点:这门语言很难学习,而且借位检查器可能也很难理解。

曼德勃罗分形图(Mandelbrot set)示例代码:

extern crate image;extern crate num_complex;use std::fs::File;use num_complex::Complex;fn main() {    let max_iterations = 256u16;    let img_side = 800u32;    let cxmin = -2f32;    let cxmax = 1f32;    let cymin = -1.5f32;    let cymax = 1.5f32;    let scalex = (cxmax - cxmin) / img_side as f32;    let scaley = (cymax - cymin) / img_side as f32;    // Create a new ImgBuf    let mut imgbuf = image::ImageBuffer::new(img_side, img_side);    // Calculate for each pixel    for (x, y, pixel) in imgbuf.enumerate_pixels_mut() {        let cx = cxmin + x as f32 * scalex;        let cy = cymin + y as f32 * scaley;        let c = Complex::new(cx, cy);        let mut z = Complex::new(0f32, 0f32);        let mut i = 0;        for t in 0..max_iterations {            if z.norm() > 2.0 {                break;            }            z = z * z + c;            i = t;        }        *pixel = image::Luma([i as u8]);    }    // Save image    let fout = &mut File::create("fractal.png").unwrap();    image::ImageLuma8(imgbuf).save(fout, image::PNG).unwrap();}
TypeScript

TypeScript 是 JavaScript……带来了好处。它主要是添加了静态类型。与 JavaScript 的兼容性使它成为前端 Web 开发人员的最爱,因为他们已经了解 JavaScript,而且几乎不需要改变他们的工作流程。

主要优点:它就是 JavaScript,因此对 JavaScript 开发人员来说没有什么太大的变化。

主要缺点:它仍然是 JavaScript,所以仍然继承了 JavaScript 的所有包袱。

分形树示例代码:

// Set up canvas for drawingvar canvas: HTMLCanvasElement = document.createElement('canvas')canvas.width = 600canvas.height = 500document.body.appendChild(canvas)var ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D = canvas.getContext('2d')ctx.fillStyle = '#000'ctx.lineWidth = 1// constantsconst degToRad: number = Math.PI / 180.0const totalDepth: number = 9/** Helper function that draws a line on the canvas */function drawLine(x1: number, y1: number, x2: number, y2: number): void {    ctx.moveTo(x1, y1)    ctx.lineTo(x2, y2)}/** Draws a branch at the given point and angle and then calls itself twice */function drawTree(x1: number, y1: number, angle: number, depth: number): void {    if (depth !== 0) {        let x2: number = x1 + (Math.cos(angle * degToRad) * depth * 10.0)        let y2: number = y1 + (Math.sin(angle * degToRad) * depth * 10.0)        drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2)        drawTree(x2, y2, angle - 20, depth - 1)        drawTree(x2, y2, angle + 20, depth - 1)    }}// actual drawing of treectx.beginPath()drawTree(300, 500, -90, totalDepth)ctx.closePath()ctx.stroke()
WebAssembly


WebAssembly 是一匹黑马。在未来十年左右的时间里,它可能会衍生出一系列的语言,这些语言有望最终登上榜首。WebAssembly 只是一个编译目标,但没有理由说它不能扩展到 Web 领域以外的地方。至于哪些基于 WebAssembly 的语言可以登上榜首?现在谁也说不准。

作者介绍

Richard Kenneth Eng,博主。Smalltalk 布道师。退休的软件工程师。《复仇者联盟》粉丝。本文最初发表 Hacker Noon 博客,经原作者 Richard Kenneth Eng 授权,InfoQ 中文站翻译并分享。

原文链接:

https://hackernoon.com/programming-languages-of-the-future-b61332kd

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000646s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000718s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000342s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000268s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000685s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000244s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000745s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 459715 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000551s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1770587038 WHERE `id` = 459715 [ RunTime:0.007356s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 66 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000297s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 459715 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000536s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 459715 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000702s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 459715 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.001579s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 459715 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.001153s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 459715 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.003224s ]
0.102778s