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Python 3 入门与进阶(十四):并发编程——多线程、GIL与asyncio

  • 2026-02-08 21:13:51
Python 3 入门与进阶(十四):并发编程——多线程、GIL与asyncio

大家好,我是煜道。

今天我们一起来学习 并发编程——多线程、GIL与asyncio

引言

并发编程是现代软件开发中的重要话题,它允许程序同时执行多个任务,提高资源利用率和用户体验。 Python提供了多种并发编程方式,包括多线程(threading)、多进程(multiprocessing)和异步编程(asyncio)。每种方式都有其适用场景和优缺点,理解它们的工作原理对于编写高效的Python程序至关重要。

本文将深入探讨Python的并发编程模型,包括GIL(全局解释器锁)对多线程的影响、线程同步机制、进程通信以及asyncio异步编程。通过系统学习,我们将能够根据实际需求选择合适的并发方案。

01 全局解释器锁(GIL)

1.1 什么是GIL

GIL是CPython解释器中的一个互斥锁,确保同一时刻只有一个线程执行Python字节码:

import threadingimport time# 演示GIL的影响defcpu_bound_task():"""CPU密集型任务"""    result = 0for i in range(10**7):        result += ireturn resultdefio_bound_task():"""IO密集型任务"""    time.sleep(0.1)return"IO done"# 单线程执行start = time.time()cpu_bound_task()io_bound_task()print(f"Single thread: {time.time() - start:.2f}s")# 多线程执行defrun_threads():    threads = []for _ in range(2):        t1 = threading.Thread(target=cpu_bound_task)        t2 = threading.Thread(target=io_bound_task)        threads.extend([t1, t2])        t1.start()        t2.start()for t in threads:        t.join()start = time.time()run_threads()print(f"Multi thread: {time.time() - start:.2f}s")

1.2 GIL的影响

场景
GIL影响
解决方案
CPU密集型
多线程无法并行
多进程
IO密集型
影响小(IO时释放GIL)
多线程可行
C扩展
可释放GIL
使用原生库

1.3 GIL为什么存在

GIL简化了CPython的实现:

  • 内存管理更简单(单线程访问)。
  • 避免竞态条件。
  • 提高单线程性能。

02 多线程编程

2.1 创建线程

import threadingimport timedeftask(name, delay):    print(f"Task {name} started")    time.sleep(delay)    print(f"Task {name} completed")# 方法1:函数作为目标thread = threading.Thread(target=task, args=("A"1))thread.start()thread.join()# 方法2:继承Thread类classCustomThread(threading.Thread):def__init__(self, name, delay):        super().__init__()        self.name = name        self.delay = delaydefrun(self):        task(self.name, self.delay)thread = CustomThread("B"1)thread.start()thread.join()

2.2 线程同步

import threadingimport time# 1. Lock - 互斥锁lock = threading.Lock()defsafe_increment(counter, name):with lock:        counter[0] += 1        print(f"{name}{counter[0]}")counter = [0]threads = []for i in range(10):    t = threading.Thread(target=safe_increment, args=(counter, f"T{i}"))    threads.append(t)    t.start()for t in threads:    t.join()print(f"Final: {counter[0]}")  # 10# 2. RLock - 可重入锁rlock = threading.RLock()defrecursive_task(n):with rlock:if n > 0:            recursive_task(n - 1)# 3. Event - 事件event = threading.Event()defwaiter():    print("Waiting for event...")    event.wait()    print("Event received!")defsetter():    time.sleep(1)    event.set()threading.Thread(target=waiter).start()threading.Thread(target=setter).start()# 4. Condition - 条件变量condition = threading.Condition()defconsumer():with condition:whilenot hasattr(consumer, 'data'):            condition.wait()        print(f"Consumed: {consumer.data}")        delattr(consumer, 'data')defproducer():    time.sleep(1)with condition:        consumer.data = "produced"        condition.notify()threading.Thread(target=consumer).start()threading.Thread(target=producer).start()

2.3 线程安全的数据结构

import queueimport threading# Queue - 线程安全的队列q = queue.Queue()defproducer():for i in range(5):        q.put(i)        print(f"Produced: {i}")defconsumer():whileTrue:        item = q.get()if item == 4:  # 结束标记            q.task_done()break        print(f"Consumed: {item}")        q.task_done()threading.Thread(target=producer).start()threading.Thread(target=consumer).start()q.join()

2.4 ThreadPoolExecutor

from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutorimport timedeftask(n):    time.sleep(0.5)return n ** 2# 使用线程池with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=3as executor:# 提交多个任务    futures = [executor.submit(task, i) for i in range(5)]# 获取结果for future in futures:        print(f"Result: {future.result()}")# 使用mapwith ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2as executor:    results = list(executor.map(task, range(5)))    print(results)  # [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

03 多进程编程

3.1 创建进程

import multiprocessingimport timedefprocess_task(name, delay):    print(f"Process {name} started")    time.sleep(delay)    print(f"Process {name} completed")if __name__ == '__main__':# 创建进程    process = multiprocessing.Process(target=process_task, args=("A"1))    process.start()    process.join()

3.2 进程间通信

import multiprocessing# 1. Queue - 进程安全队列defproducer(q):for i in range(5):        q.put(i)    q.put(None)  # 结束标记defconsumer(q):whileTrue:        item = q.get()if item isNone:break        print(f"Got: {item}")# 2. Pipe - 双工通信defsender(conn):    conn.send("Hello from sender")    conn.close()defreceiver(conn):    msg = conn.recv()    print(f"Received: {msg}")if __name__ == '__main__':    q = multiprocessing.Queue()    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=producer, args=(q,))    p2 = multiprocessing.Process(target=consumer, args=(q,))    p1.start()    p2.start()    p1.join()    p2.join()    parent_conn, child_conn = multiprocessing.Pipe()    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=sender, args=(child_conn,))    p2 = multiprocessing.Process(target=receiver, args=(parent_conn,))    p1.start()    p2.start()    p1.join()    p2.join()

3.3 共享内存

import multiprocessing# 1. Value - 共享值counter = multiprocessing.Value('i'0)defincrement(c):with c.get_lock():        c.value += 1if __name__ == '__main__':    processes = [multiprocessing.Process(target=increment, args=(counter,)) for _ in range(10)]for p in processes:        p.start()for p in processes:        p.join()    print(f"Counter: {counter.value}")  # 10# 2. Array - 共享数组    arr = multiprocessing.Array('i', [12345])    print(arr[:])  # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

3.4 ProcessPoolExecutor

from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutorimport timedefcpu_bound_task(n):return sum(i * i for i in range(n))# 使用进程池(绕过GIL限制)if __name__ == "__main__":with ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=4as executor:        results = list(executor.map(cpu_bound_task, [10**610**610**610**6]))        print(results)

04 asyncio异步编程

4.1 异步基础

import asyncioasyncdefasync_task(name, delay):    print(f"Task {name} started")await asyncio.sleep(delay)  # 异步等待    print(f"Task {name} completed")returnf"{name} done"# 运行异步任务asyncdefmain():# 创建任务    task1 = asyncio.create_task(async_task("A"1))    task2 = asyncio.create_task(async_task("B"0.5))# 等待任务完成    results = await asyncio.gather(task1, task2)    print(f"Results: {results}")asyncio.run(main())

4.2 async/await语法

import asyncioasyncdeffetch_data(url):    print(f"Fetching {url}")await asyncio.sleep(1)  # 模拟网络请求return {"url": url, "data""some data"}asyncdefmain():# 并发执行多个请求    urls = ["url1""url2""url3"]    tasks = [fetch_data(url) for url in urls]# 使用asyncio.gather并发执行    results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks)for result in results:        print(f"Got: {result['url']}")asyncio.run(main())

4.3 异步上下文管理器

import asyncioclassAsyncContextManager:asyncdef__aenter__(self):        print("Entering context")return selfasyncdef__aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):        print("Exiting context")asyncdefmain():asyncwith AsyncContextManager() as cm:        print("Inside context")asyncio.run(main())

4.4 异步迭代器

import asyncioclassAsyncIterator:def__init__(self, data):        self.data = data        self.index = 0def__aiter__(self):return selfasyncdef__anext__(self):if self.index >= len(self.data):raise StopAsyncIteration        item = self.data[self.index]        self.index += 1await asyncio.sleep(0.1)  # 模拟异步操作return itemasyncdefmain():asyncfor item in AsyncIterator([12345]):        print(item)asyncio.run(main())

4.5 asyncio同步原语

import asyncio# Lock - 异步锁asyncdefasync_task(lock, name):asyncwith lock:        print(f"{name} acquired lock")await asyncio.sleep(0.5)        print(f"{name} released lock")asyncdefmain():    lock = asyncio.Lock()await asyncio.gather(        async_task(lock, "A"),        async_task(lock, "B")    )asyncio.run(main())# Semaphore - 限制并发数asyncdeflimited_task(semaphore, n):asyncwith semaphore:        print(f"Task {n} started")await asyncio.sleep(1)        print(f"Task {n} completed")asyncdefmain():    sem = asyncio.Semaphore(2)  # 最多2个并发await asyncio.gather(        *[limited_task(sem, i) for i in range(5)]    )asyncio.run(main())

4.6 aiohttp异步HTTP客户端

import asyncioimport aiohttpasyncdeffetch_url(session, url):asyncwith session.get(url) as response:returnf"{url}{response.status}"asyncdefmain():    urls = ["https://httpbin.org/get","https://httpbin.org/ip","https://httpbin.org/headers"    ]asyncwith aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:        tasks = [fetch_url(session, url) for url in urls]        results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks)for result in results:            print(result)asyncio.run(main())

05 并发方案选择

5.1 场景对比

场景
推荐方案
原因
CPU密集型计算
多进程
绕过GIL,并行计算
IO密集型(HTTP请求)
asyncio/aiohttp
高并发,低内存
IO密集型(文件操作)
多线程
简单易用
任务队列
ProcessPoolExecutor
任务隔离
Web服务器
asyncio (FastAPI/aiohttp)
异步高性能

5.2 性能对比示例

import asyncioimport threadingimport multiprocessingimport timeasyncdefasync_task():await asyncio.sleep(0.1)return"async"defthread_task():    time.sleep(0.1)return"thread"defprocess_task():    time.sleep(0.1)return"process"asyncdefbenchmark_async(n):    start = time.time()await asyncio.gather(*[async_task() for _ in range(n)])return time.time() - startdefbenchmark_thread(n):    start = time.time()    threads = [threading.Thread(target=thread_task) for _ in range(n)]for t in threads:        t.start()for t in threads:        t.join()return time.time() - startdefbenchmark_process(n):    start = time.time()    processes = [multiprocessing.Process(target=process_task) for _ in range(n)]for p in processes:        p.start()for p in processes:        p.join()return time.time() - startif __name__ == "__main__":    n = 100    print(f"Async: {asyncio.run(benchmark_async(n)):.2f}s")    print(f"Thread: {benchmark_thread(n):.2f}s")    print(f"Process: {benchmark_process(n):.2f}s")

06 小结

本文介绍了Python的并发编程模型:

  1. GIL:CPython的全局解释器锁及其影响。
  2. 多线程:threading模块、线程同步、ThreadPoolExecutor。
  3. 多进程:multiprocessing模块、进程通信、ProcessPoolExecutor。
  4. asyncio:async/await语法、异步任务、异步上下文管理器。

选择合适的并发方案需要根据具体场景:

  • CPU密集型任务使用多进程。
  • IO密集型任务可以使用多线程或asyncio。
  • 高并发场景推荐使用asyncio。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000510s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000786s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.001967s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000659s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000619s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.002888s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000620s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 474404 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.008627s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1770567917 WHERE `id` = 474404 [ RunTime:0.004265s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 66 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000286s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 474404 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000739s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 474404 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002909s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 474404 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.011066s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 474404 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.044566s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 474404 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.063639s ]
0.213053s