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顶刊中的全球地图投影(三)-Python简单实现

  • 2026-03-21 13:42:27
顶刊中的全球地图投影(三)-Python简单实现

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前言

顶刊中的全球地图投影(一)-常用投影

顶刊中的全球地图投影(二)-特殊投影

之前的文章介绍了一些地图投影以及如何基本的用途。这篇文章介绍怎么在代码中实现,并添加一些矢量与栅格数据进行绘图。

完整代码及数据均开源,获取方式见文末。

数据来源

接下来介绍一下待会会用到的数据,仅是用作演示,所以随便找了一些。数据的详细来源与处理方法见文末。点数据有两份,一份为陆地样点分布,一份为海洋样点分布;面数据为大洲边界数据;栅格数据为陆地DEM数据和全球DEM数据。

投影实现

投影对比

先用cartopy的默认底图,生成一些简单的地图,对比一下看看效果。

其中Spilhaus投影绘制的时间较长,大致为2分钟。

Spilhaus和Orthographic投影以下仅是最简单版本,实际使用会再调整,之后会再单独写一篇。

projections.py

"""-------------------------------------------------------------------------------@Author         :  zbhgis@Github         :  https://github.com/zbhgis@Description    :  generate some map-projection plots-------------------------------------------------------------------------------"""import matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport cartopy.crs as ccrsimport cartopy.feature as cfeatureimport time# 计时start_time = time.perf_counter()# 设置投影名称与对应的投影projections = [    ("Mercator", ccrs.Mercator()),    ("Robinson", ccrs.Robinson()),    ("EqualEarth", ccrs.EqualEarth()),    ("GoodeHomolosine", ccrs.InterruptedGoodeHomolosine()),    ("SpilhausAdams", ccrs.Spilhaus()),    ("OrthographicNorth", ccrs.Orthographic(central_longitude=0, central_latitude=90)),    ("OrthographicEquator", ccrs.Orthographic(central_longitude=0, central_latitude=0)),    ("OrthographicSouth", ccrs.Orthographic(central_longitude=0, central_latitude=-90)),]# 每个投影一张图片for proj_name, proj in projections:    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(1010))    ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection=proj)    ax.set_global()    ax.stock_img()    ax.add_feature(        cfeature.COASTLINE,        linewidth=0.8,        edgecolor="white",        alpha=0.8,    )    ax.gridlines(        draw_labels=True,        linewidth=0.5,        color="gray",        linestyle="--",        alpha=0.7,    )    ax.set_title(proj_name, fontsize=16, pad=10)    print(proj_name)    plt.tight_layout(rect=[0010.96])    plt.savefig(f"./fig_res/world_maps_{proj_name}.png", dpi=100, bbox_inches="tight")    plt.close(fig)end_time = time.perf_counter()print(end_time - start_time)

打印结果

MercatorRobinsonEqualEarthGoodeHomolosineSpilhausAdamsOrthographicNorthOrthographicEquatorOrthographicSouth159.37829679995775

绘制结果

Mercator

img

Robinson

img

EqualEarth

img

Goode

img

Spilhaus

img

OrthographicNorth

img

OrthographicEquator

img

OrthographicSouth

img

添加数据

在上述代码的基础上,进一步添加数据进行制图。先通过rasterio包添加全球DEM数据与色带,然后再添加边界数据,最后分别添加样点数据(样点数据分布与对应值无实际含义,仅供演示)。

代码没啥难度,主要调整细节麻烦了一点,以下代码没有考虑科研风格,只是简单绘制了一下,之后会单独出一个系列来复现科研地图的。

以下是整理好的Python脚本,文末也提供了Jupyter Notebook格式的脚本,方便理解绘图过程与思路。

这行代码调整id即可绘制出对应的投影,大家根据需要调整即可,默认为Robinson投影。

proj_name, proj_obj = projections[1]

plot.py

"""-------------------------------------------------------------------------------@Author         :  zbhgis@Github         :  https://github.com/zbhgis@Description    :  add some vector and raster data on map-projection plots-------------------------------------------------------------------------------"""import matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport cartopy.crs as ccrsimport cartopy.feature as cfeatureimport cartopy.io.shapereader as shpreaderimport rasterioimport geopandas as gpdfrom matplotlib.lines import Line2Dimport numpy as npplt.rcParams["font.family"] = "Arial"boundary_shp = "./data_res/boundary.shp"points_land_shp = "./data_res/points_land.shp"points_ocean_shp = "./data_res/points_ocean.shp"dem_tif = "./data_res/gebco_dem.tif"fig = plt.figure(figsize=(1410), dpi=100)projections = [    ("Mercator", ccrs.Mercator()),    ("Robinson", ccrs.Robinson()),    ("EqualEarth", ccrs.EqualEarth()),    ("GoodeHomolosine", ccrs.InterruptedGoodeHomolosine()),    ("SpilhausAdams", ccrs.Spilhaus()),    ("OrthographicNorth", ccrs.Orthographic(central_longitude=0, central_latitude=90)),    ("OrthographicEquator", ccrs.Orthographic(central_longitude=0, central_latitude=0)),    ("OrthographicSouth", ccrs.Orthographic(central_longitude=0, central_latitude=-90)),]proj_name, proj_obj = projections[1]ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection=proj_obj)ax.set_global()# 添加DEM数据with rasterio.open(dem_tif) as src:    dem_data = src.read(1, masked=True)    left, bottom, right, top = src.bounds    extent = [left, right, bottom, top]    im = ax.imshow(        dem_data,        extent=extent,        transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(),        origin="upper",        cmap="gist_earth",        vmin=-6000,        vmax=6000,        alpha=0.8,        interpolation="bilinear",    )# 添加DEM色带cbar = fig.colorbar(    im,    ax=ax,    orientation="horizontal",    pad=0.04,    aspect=40,    shrink=0.6,)cbar.ax.tick_params(    labelsize=16,    labelcolor="black",    length=4,)cbar.set_label("Elevation(m)", fontsize=18)# 添加矢量边界数据reader = shpreader.Reader(boundary_shp)boundary_feature = cfeature.ShapelyFeature(    reader.geometries(),    ccrs.PlateCarree(),    facecolor="none",    edgecolor="#928F8F",    linewidth=2.0,    linestyle="-",)ax.add_feature(boundary_feature, zorder=10)# 添加陆地点数据gdf = gpd.read_file(points_land_shp)lons = gdf.geometry.xlats = gdf.geometry.y# 生成陆地点数据颜色color_map_land = {1"#E6F3FF",2"#B3D9FF",3"#80BFFF",4"#4DA6FF",5"#0066CC",}colors = [color_map_land.get(level, "gray"for level in gdf["level"]]# 绘制陆地点数据ax.scatter(    lons,    lats,    s=100,    c=colors,    edgecolor="black",    linewidth=0.8,    alpha=0.9,    transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(),    zorder=10,)# 添加陆地点图例legend_elements_land = [    Line2D(        [0],        [0],        marker="o",        linestyle="none",        label=f"Level {l}",        markerfacecolor=color,        markersize=10,        markeredgecolor="black",    )for l, color in color_map_land.items()]legend_land = ax.legend(    handles=legend_elements_land,    loc="lower left",    title="Level",    title_fontsize=18,    fontsize=16,    frameon=True,    edgecolor="black",    facecolor="white",    framealpha=0.95,)legend_land.set_zorder(15)ax.add_artist(legend_land)# 相同方法再添加一次海洋点数据gdf = gpd.read_file(points_ocean_shp)lons = gdf.geometry.xlats = gdf.geometry.y# 生成海洋点数据尺寸size_map_ocean = {150,2100,3150,4200,5250,}sizes = [size_map_ocean.get(level, 0for level in gdf["level"]]# 绘制海洋点数据ax.scatter(    lons,    lats,    s=sizes,    c="#9F9C9C",    edgecolor="black",    linewidth=0.8,    alpha=0.9,    transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(),    zorder=10,)# 添加海洋点图例legend_elements_ocean = [    Line2D(        [0],        [0],        marker="o",        linestyle="none",        label=f"Level {s}",        markerfacecolor="#9F9C9C",        markersize=np.sqrt(size),        markeredgecolor="black",    )for s, size in size_map_ocean.items()]legend_ocean = ax.legend(    handles=legend_elements_ocean,    loc="lower right",    title="Level",    title_fontsize=18,    fontsize=16,    frameon=True,    edgecolor="black",    facecolor="white",    framealpha=0.95,)legend_ocean.set_zorder(15)# 添加经纬度标签gl = ax.gridlines(    draw_labels=False,    linewidth=0.5,    color="gray",    alpha=0.4,    linestyle="--",)# 添加图名ax.set_title(proj_name, fontsize=20, pad=10)plt.tight_layout()plt.savefig(f"./fig_res/gebco_dem_{proj_name}.png",    dpi=100,    bbox_inches="tight",    facecolor="white",)print("ok")

打印结果

ok

绘制结果

Mercator

img

Robinson

img

EqualEarth

img

GoodeHomolosine

img

Spilhaus

img

OrthographicNorth

img

OrthographicEquator

img

OrthographicSouth

img

数据处理方法

接下来是数据的来源以及详细的处理方法,感兴趣的了解一下即可。

点数据

点数据来自于以下的2篇生物多样性文献:

Keck, F., Peller, T., Alther, R. et al. The global human impact on biodiversity. Nature 641, 395–400 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08752-2Carter, H.F., Bribiesca-Contreras, G. & Williams, S.T. Deep-sea-floor diversity in Asteroidea is shaped by competing processes across different latitudes and oceans. Nat Ecol Evol 9, 1910–1923 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-025-02808-2

在以下网址中中提供了所有数据:

https://github.com/fkeck/metabeta/tree/main

https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/global-asteroidea-occurrence-data

下载文献的data.json和Global Asteroidea Occurrence Dataset.json后,通过以下Python代码将分别将数据简化为100条,并转为shp格式,保留坐标字段,并新建一个随机等级字段(用于配色)。

json2shp.py

"""-------------------------------------------------------------------------------@Author         :  zbhgis@Github         :  https://github.com/zbhgis@Description    :  convert json to shapefile-------------------------------------------------------------------------------"""import jsonimport randomimport pandas as pdimport geopandas as gpdfrom shapely.geometry import Pointdefjson2shp(    json_path,    output_shp_path,    keep_count=100,    lon_field="Longitude",    lat_field="Latitude",    crs="EPSG:4326",):# 打开数据with open(json_path, "r", encoding="utf-8"as f:        data = json.load(f)# 数据抽样    sampled_data = random.sample(data, keep_count)    df = pd.DataFrame(sampled_data)    df = df[[lon_field, lat_field]]# 字段重命名    df = df.rename(columns={lon_field: "lon", lat_field: "lat"})    df["lon"] = pd.to_numeric(df["lon"], errors="coerce")    df["lat"] = pd.to_numeric(df["lat"], errors="coerce")# 颜色字段    df["level"] = [random.randint(15for _ in range(len(df))]# 生成gdf    geometry = [Point(xy) for xy in zip(df["lon"], df["lat"])]    gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(        df.drop(columns=["lon""lat"]),        geometry=geometry,        crs=crs,    )    gdf.to_file(output_shp_path, encoding="utf-8")if __name__ == "__main__":    json_file = "./data_origin/data.json"    shp_file = "./data_res/points_land.shp"    json2shp(        json_path=json_file,        output_shp_path=shp_file,        keep_count=100,        lon_field="Longitude",        lat_field="Latitude",        crs="EPSG:4326",    )    json_file = "./data_origin/resource.json"    shp_file = "./data_res/points_ocean.shp"    json2shp(        json_path=json_file,        output_shp_path=shp_file,        keep_count=100,        lon_field="Long",        lat_field="Lat",        crs="EPSG:4326",    )    print("OK")

打印结果

OK

面数据

面数据是一份很早之前在网上下载的大洲边界矢量数据,通过以下Python代码检查一下数据。

check_shp.py

"""-------------------------------------------------------------------------------@Author         :  zbhgis@Github         :  https://github.com/zbhgis@Description    :  check and copy shapefile-------------------------------------------------------------------------------"""import geopandas as gpdimport osimport shutildefcheck_file(shp_path):    gdf = gpd.read_file(shp_path)if gdf.crs isNone:        print("未定义坐标系")elif gdf.crs.to_epsg() == 4326:        print("EPSG:4326")elif gdf.crs.to_epsg() isnotNone:        print(f"EPSG:{gdf.crs.to_epsg()}")defcopy_shapefile(shp_path, output_folder, new_base_name):    base_dir = os.path.dirname(shp_path)    base_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(shp_path))[0]    extensions = [".shp"".shx"".dbf"".prj"".cpg"".sbn"".sbx"".shp.xml"]    copied = 0for ext in extensions:        src_file = os.path.join(base_dir, base_name + ext)if os.path.exists(src_file):            dst_file = os.path.join(output_folder, new_base_name + ext)            shutil.copy2(src_file, dst_file)            copied += 1if copied > 0:        print(f"成功复制")else:        print("复制失败")if __name__ == "__main__":    shp = "./data_origin/continent.shp"    target_folder = "./data_res"    check_file(shp)    copy_shapefile(shp, target_folder, "boundary")

打印结果

EPSG:4326成功复制

栅格数据

栅格数据是通过GEE下载的DEM数据,通过以下js代码重采样为10km分辨率并下载至本地。

陆地DEM下载

数据介绍:https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/COPERNICUS_DEM_GLO30

cop_download.js

var dataset = ee.ImageCollection("COPERNICUS/DEM/GLO30");var elevation = dataset.select("DEM").mosaic();var elevationVis = {min0.0,max1000.0,palette: ["0000ff""00ffff""ffff00""ff0000""ffffff"],};Map.setCenter(-6.74646.5294);Map.addLayer(elevation, elevationVis, "DEM");Export.image.toDrive({crs"EPSG:4326",image: elevation,description"WORLD_Elevation",scale10000,maxPixels1e13,});

全球DEM下载

数据介绍:https://gee-community-catalog.org/projects/gebco/

gebco_download.js

var dataset = ee.ImageCollection("projects/sat-io/open-datasets/gebco/gebco_grid",);var elevation = dataset.select("b1").mosaic();var elevationVis = {min-7000.0,max5000.0,palette: ["0000ff""00ffff""ffff00""ff0000""ffffff"],};Map.setCenter(-37.6225.82);Map.addLayer(elevation, elevationVis, "b1");Export.image.toDrive({crs"EPSG:4326",image: elevation,description"GEBCO_Elevation",scale10000,maxPixels1e13,});

写在最后

完整代码及相关数据文件会在以下github仓库中开源,若有帮助欢迎点个star,不胜感激。

https://github.com/zbhgis/Projects

或者在微信公众号后台回复关键词“代码获取”即可获取百度网盘链接,找到对应名称的文件夹即可(百度网盘链接可能隔几天才会同步)。

img

代码中使用了很多相对路径,建议获取的时候下载完整文件夹。

该系列下一篇会再对Spilhaus和Orthographic投影绘制进行补充。

如有问题,欢迎添加个人微信交流。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000801s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001028s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.003064s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000302s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000495s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000217s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000721s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 478727 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001231s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1774634958 WHERE `id` = 478727 [ RunTime:0.007884s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 66 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000232s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 478727 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002162s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 478727 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.004745s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 478727 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.003946s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 478727 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.003544s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 478727 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.006740s ]
0.105954s