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Linux 监控告警实战:Prometheus + Grafana,服务器状态一目了然

  • 2026-07-04 01:55:07
Linux 监控告警实战:Prometheus + Grafana,服务器状态一目了然

Linux 监控告警实战:Prometheus + Grafana,服务器状态监控

引言:凌晨 3 点的故障惊魂

上个月,我负责的服务器在凌晨 3 点挂了。

没有监控,我是第二天早上才发现的。

客户投诉电话打爆了:

"网站怎么打不开了?"

"订单无法提交了!"

"数据同步失败!"

我慌了,赶紧登录服务器查看

• 磁盘 100% 满(日志写爆了)

• CPU 负载 100%(进程死循环)

• 内存耗尽(内存泄漏)

修复花了 2 小时,客户流失了 20%。

如果我有监控系统,这些问题提前 1 小时就能收到告警,半夜就修复了,根本不会等到早上。

从那以后,我下定决心:一定要搭建监控系统。

今天这篇文章,就是教你如何用 Prometheus + Grafana 搭建企业级监控告警系统,让服务器状态一目了然,问题第一时间发现。


一、什么是监控系统?为什么你需要它?

1.1 监控系统是什么?

监控系统:实时采集服务器指标,可视化展示,异常时告警

比喻

• 服务器 = 你的身体

• 监控系统 = 体检仪表盘

• 告警系统 = 发烧时的温度计

1.2 为什么需要监控?

没有监控的风险

• 故障发现滞后:用户先发现问题,你才知道

• 问题定位困难:不知道哪里出问题

• 被动响应:客户投诉后才处理

• 数据丢失风险:磁盘满了导致数据损坏

有监控的好处

• ✅ 提前发现:CPU/内存/磁盘异常立即告警

• 快速定位:一眼看出哪个服务有问题

• 主动响应:用户还没发现就处理了

• 数据支持:历史数据分析,容量规划


二、Prometheus + Grafana 介绍

2.1 Prometheus

Prometheus:开源的监控数据采集和存储系统

特点

• ✅ 拉取式采集:主动拉取目标数据

• 时序数据库:高性能存储时序数据

• PromQL:强大的查询语言

• 多种 Exporter:支持多种服务(Node、Nginx、MySQL 等)

2.2 Grafana

Grafana:开源的可视化平台

特点

• ✅ 美观仪表板:拖拽式配置

• ✅ 多数据源:支持 Prometheus、InfluxDB、Elasticsearch

• ✅ 告警功能:多种告警渠道

• ✅ 插件丰富:面板、插件社区活跃

2.3 架构图

┌─────────────┐ │   服务器    │ │             │ │  /metrics   │ ←─── Prometheus 拉取 │             │ └─────────────┘        │        ↓ ┌─────────────┐ │  Prometheus  │ │             │ └─────────────┘        │        ↓ ┌─────────────┐ │  Grafana    │ ←─── 你在浏览器访问 │             │ └─────────────┘

三、安装 Prometheus

3.1 添加 Prometheus APT 仓库

sudo apt install software-properties-common sudo add-apt-repository ppa:prometheus-node/exporter sudo apt update

3.2 安装 Prometheus

sudo apt install prometheus prometheus node-exporter -y

3.3 配置 Prometheus

编辑配置文件

sudo vim /etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml

基础配置

global:   scrape_interval: 15s  scrape_configs:   - job_name: 'prometheus'     static_configs:       - targets: ['localhost:9090']      - job_name: 'node'     static_configs:       - targets: ['localhost:9100']

3.4 启动 Prometheus

sudo systemctl start prometheus sudo systemctl enable prometheus

3.5 验证安装

curl http://localhost:9090/metrics

输出:大量监控指标数据


四、安装 Grafana

4.1 添加 Grafana APT 仓库

sudo wget https://packages.grafana.com/gpg key sudo apt-key add - sudo echo "deb https://packages.grafana.com/deb stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/grafana.list

4.2 安装 Grafana

sudo apt update sudo apt install grafana -y

4.3 启动 Grafana

sudo systemctl start grafana-server sudo systemctl enable grafana-server

4.4 访问 Grafana

打开浏览器http://localhost:3000

默认登录

• 用户名:admin

• 密码:admin

首次登录后会提示修改密码。


五、配置数据源

5.1 添加 Prometheus 数据源

步骤

1. 登录 Grafana

2. 点击 Configuration → Data Sources → Add data source

3. 选择 Prometheus

4. 配置:

1. 点击 Save & Test

成功提示:"Data source is working"


六、实战案例 1:监控 Linux 系统指标

6.1 安装 Node Exporter

Node Exporter:采集 Linux 系统指标

已安装(前面安装 prometheus 时已包含)

验证

curl http://localhost:9100/metrics

6.2 配置 Prometheus 抓取

编辑配置

sudo vim /etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml

添加

  - job_name: 'node'     static_configs:       - targets: ['localhost:9100']

重启 Prometheus

sudo systemctl restart prometheus

6.3 创建 Grafana 仪表板

步骤

1. 登录 Grafana

2. 点击 + → Import

3. 输入 Dashboard ID(导入预定义仪表板)

4. Node Exporter Full(ID:1860)

效果:实时显示 CPU、内存、磁盘、网络指标


七、实战案例 2:监控 Nginx

7.1 启用 Nginx stub_status

编辑 Nginx 配置

server {     listen 127.0.0.1:8080;     location /stub_status {         stub_status on;         access_log off;     } }

重启 Nginx

sudo systemctl restart nginx

7.2 配置 Prometheus 抓取

安装 Prometheus Exporter for Nginx

cd /tmp git clone https://github.com/nginxinc/nginx-prometheus-exporter cd nginx-prometheus-exporter

启动 Exporter

./nginx-prometheus-exporter \   -nginx.scrape-uri=http://127.0.0.1:8080/stub_status \   -prometheus.uri=http://localhost:9090/metrics

7.3 添加到 Prometheus

编辑配置

  - job_name: 'nginx'     static_configs:       - targets: ['localhost:9111']

八、实战案例 3:监控 MySQL

8.1 启用 MySQL 查询监控

安装 MySQL Exporter

sudo apt install mysql-exporter -y

配置数据库用户

CREATE USER 'exporter'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password' WITH   GRANT PROCESS, REPLICATION CLIENT, REPLICATION SLAVE, SELECT ON *.* TO 'exporter'@'%' WITH GRANT OPTION; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

配置 Exporter

sudo vim /etc/mysql/exporter/.my.cnf

添加

[client] user=exporter password=password host=127.0.0.1

启动 Exporter

mysqld_exporter \   --mysqld.address=127.0.0.1:3306 \   --datasource=performance_schema \   --collect.auto_increment.increment \   --collect.engine_innodb_rows \   --collect.table_schema

九、实战案例 4:监控 Docker 容器

9.1 安装 cAdvisor

cAdvisor:Google 出品的容器监控工具

docker run -d \   --name=cadvisor \   --volume=/:/rootfs:ro \   --volume=/var/run:/var/run:ro \   --volume=/sys:/sys:ro \   --volume=/var/lib/docker/:/var/lib/docker:ro \   --publish=8080:8080 \   google/cadvisor:latest

9.2 配置 Prometheus

添加配置

  - job_name: 'cadvisor'     static_configs:       - targets: ['localhost:8080']

十、配置告警

10.1 安装 Alertmanager

Prometheus 包含 Alertmanager

编辑配置

sudo vim /etc/prometheus/alerts.yml

示例告警规则

groups:   - name: alert     rules:       - alert: HighCPUUsage         expr: 100 - (avg by (instance) (rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode!="idle"}[5m])) > 80         for: 5m         labels:           severity: warning         annotations:           summary: "High CPU usage detected"

10.2 配置告警通知

邮件告警

receivers:   - name: 'email'     email_configs:       - to: admin@example.com         from: alertmanager@example.com         smarthost: localhost         auth_username: admin         auth_password: password

钉钉告警

receivers:   - name: 'dingtalk'     webhook_configs:       - url: https://oapi.dingtalk.com/robot/send?access_token=xxx

十一、创建 Grafana 仪表板

11.1 系统监控仪表板

导入预定义面板

Node Exporter Full(ID: 1860)

导入步骤

1. 打开 Grafana

2. + → Import

3. 输入 1860

4. 选择 Prometheus 数据源

5. 点击 Import

11.2 创建自定义仪表板

创建新仪表板

1. 点击 + → New Dashboard

2. 添加面板(Panel)

3. 选择查询(Query)

4. 配置可视化(Graph、Stat、Table)

示例查询

100 - (avg by (instance) (rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode!="idle"}[5m])) * 100

效果图:实时 CPU 使用率曲线


十二、告警测试

12.1 触发告警

手动触发高 CPU

sha1sum /dev/zero &

等待 5 分钟,应该会触发告警。

12.2 验证告警

检查 Alertmanager 日志

sudo journalctl -u prometheus-alertmanager -f

检查 Grafana 通知

查看 Dashboard → Notification 标签


十三、性能优化:避免监控拖垮服务器

13.1 降低采集频率

默认:15 秒采集一次

优化:30 秒或 1 分钟

修改配置

global:   scrape_interval: 1m

13.2 保留时间序列

Prometheus 默认保留 15 天

修改配置

global:   retention:     time: 30d

13.3 压缩旧数据

定期清理

curl -X POST http://localhost:9090/api/v1/delete_series \   --data '{"match[]": "{__name__=~\"job=\".*\"}"}

十四、监控最佳实践

14.1 监控关键指标

必监控指标

1. CPU

1. 内存

1. 磁盘

1. 网络

1. 应用

14.2 告警分级

P0 级(立即处理):

• 服务 down

• 数据库连接失败

• 磁�盘满了

P1 级(1 小时内处理):

• CPU > 90%

• 内存 > 95%

• 响应时间 > 5 秒

P2 级(1 天内处理):

• 磁盘 > 80%

• 预警规则触发


十五、总结:监控是最后一道防线

监控的价值

• ✅ 提前发现:用户发现前就知道

• ✅ 快速定位:一眼看出哪里有问题

• ✅ 主动响应:客户投诉前就修复

• ✅ 数据支持:历史数据分析

记住

监控不是"可有可无",而是"必须要有"。

没有监控的服务器就像盲人骑夜车,迟早出事。

最重要的是:今天就搭建,不要等。


如果觉得这篇文章有帮助,记得点赞、收藏、转发~

【互动话题】

你的服务器有监控吗?在评论区分享你的监控策略或问题,我会逐一回复~

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000607s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000888s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000353s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000312s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000508s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000225s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000594s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 488499 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001257s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1783134303 WHERE `id` = 488499 [ RunTime:0.001107s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 67 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000224s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 488499 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000449s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 488499 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000543s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 488499 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.003052s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 488499 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.004191s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 488499 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.013832s ]
0.098113s