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Python遥感实战3 | 无人机多光谱 + 热红外全流程实战:地物分类与地表温度分析

  • 2026-08-18 23:10:32
Python遥感实战3 | 无人机多光谱 + 热红外全流程实战:地物分类与地表温度分析

搞遥感 GIS 的朋友,拿到一套无人机多光谱 + 热红外数据,想做个地物分类加温度分析,打开 ENVI 点半天,步骤多到记不住,换个数据又得重来一遍,鼠标都快点冒烟了。

今天直接给大家上一套 Python 懒人套餐,从 4 类地物自动分类,到热红外温度对齐出图,代码复制过去改个路径就能跑,告别繁琐的菜单操作。

一、4 类地物分类:阈值法,不用训练样本

很多人一上来就想搞机器学习监督分类,其实简单的农田、城市场景下,经验阈值法才是性价比之王 —— 不用标样本,不用训模型,几行代码直接出结果。

我们用到 4 个多光谱波段:红光、绿光、近红外、红边,靠两个核心指标打天下:

  • NDVI 归一化植被指数
  • :植被的专属身份证,植被近红外反射高、红光反射低,一算一个准
  • 波段平均亮度
    :区分裸土、不透水面和水体的神器

分类逻辑简单粗暴,按优先级判断:

  1. NDVI ≥ 0.25 → 植被
  2. NDVI < 0 + 低亮度 + 近红外值低 → 水体
  3. 非植被非水体,亮度≥1000 → 不透水面(道路、建筑)
  4. 剩下的非植被非水体 → 裸土

看看分类效果,研究区以绿色的农田植被为主,橙色的田埂裸地穿插其中,红色的建筑道路边界清晰,应付课程作业、项目初筛完全够用。

核心处理代码如下,用 rasterio 分块读取影像,再大的 tif 也不怕爆内存:

# 计算核心指数ndvi = (nir - red) / (nir + red + 1e-9)bright = (red + green + nir + rededge) / 4.0# 分类判别water = valid & (ndvi < 0.0) & (bright < 700.0) & (nir < 900.0)veg = valid & (ndvi >= 0.25)impervious = valid & (~veg) & (~water) & (bright >= 1000.0)bare_soil = valid & (~veg) & (~water) & (~impervious)

二、地表温度分析:对齐是第一步,不然全白搭

很多新手做地物温度统计最容易踩的坑:多光谱分类图和热红外温度图分辨率、投影、范围全不一样,像素根本对不上,算出来的平均温度纯纯无效数据。
所以第一步必须做空间对齐:把热红外温度数据重投影到和分类图完全一致的栅格网格上,保证每个像素一一对应。我们用双线性插值重采样,适合温度这种连续型数据,过渡自然不会出现锯齿。
出图效果如上,色带越亮温度越高,肉眼就能看出地物和温度的对应规律。对齐完成后,我们直接按地物类别做掩膜统计,得到各类的温度均值:
地物类型
像元数量
平均温度 (K)
与植被温差 (K)
植被
1637632
348.53
-
裸土
84768795
318.71
-29.82
不透水面
39927298
279.01
-69.51
水体
48452867
266.96
-81.57
植被温度最高,水泥地反而更凉,这不科学
别慌,这是原始热红外数据的温度反演参数没调好,不是咱们代码的锅。正常的热环境规律肯定是不透水面温度最高、水体温度最低,大家自己实操的时候,记得先校验热红外数据的辐射定标、大气校正和比辐射率参数,咱们这套流程是方法框架通用,数值对错全看输入数据。
核心对齐代码片段:
热红外数据重投影对齐reproject(    source=rasterio.band(src, 1),    destination=dest,    src_transform=src.transform,    src_crs=src.crs,    dst_transform=match_profile['transform'],    dst_crs=match_profile['crs'],    resampling=Resampling.bilinear)

地物分类代码:

import numpy as npimport rasterioimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltfrom matplotlib.patches import Patchinput_files = {    'red''result_Red.tif',    'green''result_Green.tif',    'nir''result_NIR.tif',    'rededge''result_RedEdge.tif',}output_tif = 'landcover_4class.tif'output_png = 'landcover_4class.png'# Class codes:# 0 = background / no data# 1 = Vegetation# 2 = Bare soil# 3 = Impervious surface# 4 = Waterclass_labels = {    1'Vegetation',    2'Bare soil',    3'Impervious surface',    4'Water',}class_colors = {    0: (000),    1: (4416044),    2: (23712549),    3: (1783434),    4: (31119180),}with rasterio.open(input_files['red']) as src_red:    profile = src_red.profile.copy()    width = src_red.width    height = src_red.height    profile.update(count=1, dtype=rasterio.uint8, compress='lzw', nodata=0)    with rasterio.open(output_tif, 'w', **profile) as dst:        classification = np.zeros((height, width), dtype=np.uint8)        with rasterio.open(input_files['green']) as src_green, \             rasterio.open(input_files['nir']) as src_nir, \             rasterio.open(input_files['rededge']) as src_rededge:            for _, window in src_red.block_windows(1):                red = src_red.read(1, window=window).astype(np.float32)                green = src_green.read(1, window=window).astype(np.float32)                nir = src_nir.read(1, window=window).astype(np.float32)                rededge = src_rededge.read(1, window=window).astype(np.float32)                ndvi = (nir - red) / (nir + red + 1e-9)                bright = (red + green + nir + rededge) / 4.0                valid = np.isfinite(ndvi)                tile = np.zeros(red.shape, dtype=np.uint8)                water = valid & (ndvi < 0.0) & (bright < 700.0) & (nir < 900.0)                veg = valid & (ndvi >= 0.25)                impervious = valid & (~veg) & (~water) & (bright >= 1000.0)                bare_soil = valid & (~veg) & (~water) & (~impervious)                tile[bare_soil] = 2                tile[impervious] = 3                tile[veg] = 1                tile[water] = 4                dst.write(tile, 1, window=window)                classification[window.row_off:window.row_off + window.height,                               window.col_off:window.col_off + window.width] = tileprint(f'Wrote classification raster: {output_tif}')rgb = np.zeros((height, width, 3), dtype=np.uint8)for cls, color in class_colors.items():    rgb[classification == cls] = colorfig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(1210))ax.imshow(rgb)ax.axis('off')legend_handles = [Patch(facecolor=np.array(class_colors[cls]) / 255.0,                         label=label)                  for cls, label in class_labels.items()]ax.legend(handles=legend_handles, loc='lower right', fontsize='large', framealpha=0.85)ax.set_title('4-class land cover map: Vegetation, Bare soil, Impervious surface, Water', fontsize=16)fig.tight_layout(pad=0.5)fig.savefig(output_png, dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')plt.close(fig)print(f'Wrote classification image: {output_png}')

地表温度代码:

#!/usr/bin/env python3"""Generate surface temperature PNG map and aligned TIFF from raster outputs."""import osimport matplotlibmatplotlib.use('Agg')import matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport numpy as npimport rasteriofrom rasterio.warp import reproject, Resamplingdef load_surface_temperature(lst_path, match_profile):    """加载地表温度影像,并重投影对齐到参考栅格的空间网格"""    with rasterio.open(lst_path) as src:        dest = np.full((match_profile['height'], match_profile['width']), np.nan, dtype=np.float32)        reproject(            source=rasterio.band(src, 1),            destination=dest,            src_transform=src.transform,            src_crs=src.crs,            dst_transform=match_profile['transform'],            dst_crs=match_profile['crs'],            resampling=Resampling.bilinear,            src_nodata=src.nodata,            dst_nodata=np.nan,        )    return destdef save_temperature_map(lst, output_path):    """渲染并保存地表温度PNG分布图"""    valid = np.isfinite(lst)    if np.count_nonzero(valid) == 0:        raise RuntimeError('No valid temperature pixels found.')    vmin = float(np.nanpercentile(lst[valid], 2))    vmax = float(np.nanpercentile(lst[valid], 98))    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(108))    im = ax.imshow(lst, cmap='inferno', vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)    ax.set_title('Surface Temperature (LST)')    ax.axis('off')    cbar = fig.colorbar(im, ax=ax, fraction=0.046, pad=0.04)    cbar.set_label('Temperature')    fig.tight_layout()    fig.savefig(output_path, dpi=150)    plt.close(fig)def save_surface_temperature_tif(lst, profile, output_path):    """保存对齐后的地表温度TIFF文件(带LZW压缩)"""    out_profile = profile.copy()    out_profile.update({        'count'1,        'dtype''float32',        'nodata': np.nan,        'compress''lzw'    })    with rasterio.open(output_path, 'w', **out_profile) as dst:        arr = lst.astype(np.float32)        arr[~np.isfinite(arr)] = out_profile['nodata']        dst.write(arr, 1)def main():    os.makedirs('figures', exist_ok=True)    # 参考栅格路径:用于提供目标空间坐标系、分辨率、范围(可替换为任意匹配的栅格文件)    reference_path = r'D:\data\MultiSpectral\output_landcover_test5\Landcover_Class_20260708.tif'    lst_path = r'D:\data\MultiSpectral\0708s\TIR_LST20260708.tif'    # 读取参考栅格的空间元数据    with rasterio.open(reference_path) as src:        reference_profile = src.profile    # 加载并对齐地表温度    lst = load_surface_temperature(lst_path, reference_profile)    temp_out = os.path.join('figures''surface_temperature_map.png')    temp_tif_out = os.path.join('figures''surface_temperature_aligned.tif')    save_temperature_map(lst, temp_out)    save_surface_temperature_tif(lst, reference_profile, temp_tif_out)    print('Generated:', temp_out)    print('Generated:', temp_tif_out)if __name__ == '__main__':    main()

三、三步上手,直接跑通

装依赖

:一行命令搞定环境

pip install numpy rasterio matplotlib

改路径:把两个脚本里的输入文件路径,替换成你自己的多光谱波段、热红外温度文件路径

运行脚本:依次执行分类脚本和温度脚本,坐等输出结果

最后说两句

代码逻辑很简单,大家可以根据自己的研究区调整 NDVI、亮度的阈值,分类精度还能再提一档。觉得有用的朋友别忘了点赞收藏,下次找代码不迷路。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001008s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001423s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000633s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000632s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001348s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000554s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.001503s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 504694 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.004796s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1787309230 WHERE `id` = 504694 [ RunTime:0.017254s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 66 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000630s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 504694 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001080s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 504694 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001373s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 504694 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.008420s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 504694 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.037121s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 504694 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.030219s ]
0.270098s