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Linux进程间通信方式

  • 2026-08-19 04:39:11
Linux进程间通信方式
管道（Pipe）
分为匿名管道、命名管道。
匿名管道只适用于有亲缘关系进程（父子进程、兄弟进程），单向通信，数据读完就清空；
命名管道FIFO可以让互不相关的进程通信；
数据基于字节流，半双工。优点简单；缺点传输速度有限，只能单向。
socket
支持本机不同进程，也支持跨主机进程通信；
分为本地套接字（AF‑UNIX，本机进程间传输，性能高）和网络套接字；
采用客户端‑服务端模型，通用性最强；适合跨服务器数据交互。
消息队列
内核提供的队列，进程把数据封装成消息体发送到内核队列；
消息带有类型标识，进程可以按类型读取消息；
进程退出消息队列数据依旧存在；
缺点：内核有最大限制，不适合超大的数据传输。
信号量（Semaphore）
本质是计数器，主要用来做进程同步、互斥，不是用来传输大量数据；
控制多个进程访问临界资源，防止并发冲突；
二元信号量实现互斥，计数信号量控制访问资源的进程数量。一般搭配共享内存使用。
共享内存区（Shared Memory）
在物理内存开辟一块空间，多个进程虚拟内存映射到同一块物理内存；
数据不用在内核和用户态来回拷贝，速度是IPC里最快的；
本身不带互斥机制，必须依靠信号量或者锁来控制并发访问，不然会出现数据错乱。
面试一句话总结
管道：亲缘进程单向通信；
Socket：本机或跨机器通用；
消息队列：内核消息缓存，脱离进程生命周期；
信号量：用于进程互斥同步；
共享内存：传输速度最快，需要手动加锁。
对比要点
速度排序：共享内存 > 消息队列 > 管道 > socket；
跨主机：只有socket支持，剩下四种仅限同一台机器。
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  137. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/f.mffb.com.cn/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  138. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/f.mffb.com.cn/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  139. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/f.mffb.com.cn/runtime/temp/067d451b9a0c665040f3f1bdd3293d68.php ( 11.98 KB )
  140. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/f.mffb.com.cn/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001025s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001536s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000709s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000592s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001237s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000512s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.001350s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 504727 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000930s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1787305720 WHERE `id` = 504727 [ RunTime:0.017659s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 67 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000635s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 504727 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001012s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 504727 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.009770s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 504727 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.001709s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 504727 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.002058s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 504727 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.002010s ]
0.205385s