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一起学Python第120天:Pillow 图像处理——Python 的"Photoshop"入门指南

  • 2026-08-18 23:11:40
一起学Python第120天:Pillow 图像处理——Python 的"Photoshop"入门指南

📅 系列:一起学Python | 难度:⭐⭐ 

🔗 上期回顾:Matplotlib 函数速查手册

一、为什么你需要 Pillow?

前面我们学了十几天的 Matplotlib,专注数据可视化。但现实世界还有另一类需求:

  • 批量压缩图片尺寸

  • 给照片加文字水印

  • 生成验证码图片

  • 裁剪头像、做缩略图

  • 图片格式转换(JPG ↔ PNG)

这些任务,Pillow 是 Python 的最佳选择。

Pillow 是什么?

  • Python Imaging Library (PIL) 的"继任者",PIL 已停止维护

  • 支持 30+ 种图像格式(JPEG、PNG、GIF、BMP、TIFF、WebP 等)

  • 提供旋转、裁剪、缩放、滤镜、文字绘制等全套图像处理功能

  • API 简单直观,比 OpenCV 更适合日常图像处理

一句话:Matplotlib 负责"画图",Pillow 负责"修图"。

二、安装与导入

pip install pillow
from PIL import ImageImageDrawImageFontImageFilter
💡 注意:虽然包名叫 pillow,但导入时仍然用 from PIL import ...,这是历史遗留。

三、核心概念:Image 对象

Pillow 中,一切操作围绕 Image 对象 展开:

from PIL import Image# 打开现有图片img = Image.open("photo.jpg")# 或创建一张空白画布img = Image.new('RGB', (800600), color=(255255255))
from PIL import Imagefrom io import BytesIOimport requests# 从网络URL加载图片(核心代码,后续所有示例复用)url = "https://picsum.photos/600/400"response = requests.get(url, timeout=15)img = Image.open(BytesIO(response.content)).convert('RGB')print(f"加载成功: {img.size}, 格式: {img.format}")# 显示原图(弹窗预览,适合本地调试)img.show()
Image 三大属性

四、Pillow 字体加载(中文显示必备)

from PIL import ImageFontimport os# ================= 1. 字体加载(解决中文乱码的核心) =================font_path = "simhei.ttf"  # 确保当前目录有 simhei.ttfif not os.path.exists(font_path):    font_path = "/usr/share/fonts/truetype/wqy/wqy-zenhei.ttc"  # 备用系统字体# Pillow 使用 ImageFont.truetype 加载font = ImageFont.truetype(font_path, size=24)

五、五大基础操作实战(原图 vs 处理后)

操作 1:打开图片 + 查看信息

from PIL import Imagefrom io import BytesIOimport requestsurl = "https://picsum.photos/600/400"response = requests.get(url, timeout=15)img = Image.open(BytesIO(response.content))print(f"图片格式: {img.format}")   # JPEGprint(f"图片大小: {img.size}")     # (600, 400)print(f"图片模式: {img.mode}")     # RGB# 显示原图img.show()# 保存为其他格式img.save("output.png")

操作 2:裁剪(Crop)——取局部

from PIL import Imagefrom io import BytesIOimport requestsurl = "https://picsum.photos/600/400"response = requests.get(url, timeout=15)img = Image.open(BytesIO(response.content)).convert('RGB')# 显示原图img.show()# crop((左, 上, 右, 下)),注意是坐标不是宽高cropped = img.crop((150100450300))# 显示裁剪结果cropped.show()cropped.save("cropped.jpg")

坐标记忆法(left, upper, right, lower),先左上角,后右下角。

操作 3:缩放(Resize vs Thumbnail)

from PIL import Imagefrom io import BytesIOimport requestsurl = "https://picsum.photos/600/400"response = requests.get(url, timeout=15)img = Image.open(BytesIO(response.content)).convert('RGB')# 显示原图img.show()# 方法1:resize 指定精确尺寸(可能变形)resized = img.resize((300200))resized.show()# 方法2:thumbnail 保持比例,不超过给定尺寸thumb = img.copy()thumb.thumbnail((150100))thumb.show()print(f"缩略图实际尺寸: {thumb.size}")

操作 4:旋转(Rotate)

from PIL import Imagefrom io import BytesIOimport requestsurl = "https://picsum.photos/600/400"response = requests.get(url, timeout=15)img = Image.open(BytesIO(response.content)).convert('RGB')# 显示原图img.show()# 旋转45度,expand=True 扩展画布防止裁剪rotated = img.rotate(45, expand=True)rotated.show()# 旋转90度rotated90 = img.rotate(90, expand=True)rotated90.show()
运行效果(原图 vs 45° vs 90°):

操作 5:添加水印——文字与图形

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFontfrom io import BytesIOimport requestsimport os# ================= 1. 字体加载(解决中文乱码的核心) =================font_path = "simhei.ttf"if not os.path.exists(font_path):    font_path = "/usr/share/fonts/truetype/wqy/wqy-zenhei.ttc"font = ImageFont.truetype(font_path, size=30)# 加载网络图片url = "https://picsum.photos/600/400"response = requests.get(url, timeout=15)img = Image.open(BytesIO(response.content)).convert('RGB')# 显示原图img.show()# 创建画笔draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)# 添加文字水印draw.text((2020), "一起学Python", fill=(255255255), font=font)draw.text((20350), "第119天", fill=(255255255), font=font)# 显示结果img.show()img.save("watermarked.jpg")
运行效果(原图 vs 加水印后):

💡 进阶技巧ImageDraw 还可以画矩形、椭圆、线条:

draw.rectangle([x1, y1, x2, y2], fill="red", outline="black")draw.ellipse([x1, y1, x2, y2], fill="blue")

六、综合实战:网络图片处理流水线

把五大操作串起来,写一个完整的处理函数:

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFontfrom io import BytesIOimport requestsimport os# ================= 1. 字体加载(解决报错的核心) =================font_path = "simhei.ttf"if not os.path.exists(font_path):    font_path = "/usr/share/fonts/truetype/wqy/wqy-zenhei.ttc"font = ImageFont.truetype(font_path, size=20)def process_image(url, output_name):    """下载 → 裁剪 → 缩放 → 旋转 → 加水印 → 保存"""    # 1. 打开网络图片    resp = requests.get(url, timeout=15)    img = Image.open(BytesIO(resp.content)).convert('RGB')    # 2. 裁剪中间区域    w, h = img.size    img = img.crop((w*0.2, h*0.2, w*0.8, h*0.8))    # 3. 缩放到固定宽度    img = img.resize((400300))    # 4. 旋转5度(微调整)    img = img.rotate(5, expand=True)    # 5. 加水印    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)    draw.text((1010), "一起学Python", fill=(255255255), font=font)    # 6. 保存    img.save(output_name, quality=90)    print(f"✅ 已处理: {output_name}")    # 7. 显示结果    img.show()# 使用process_image("https://picsum.photos/600/400""final_output.jpg")

七、避坑指南

八、参数速查卡

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFontfrom io import BytesIOimport requests# 网络加载img = Image.open(BytesIO(requests.get(url).content)).convert('RGB')# 查看信息print(img.format, img.size, img.mode)# 显示img.show()# 保存img.save("output.jpg", quality=95)# 裁剪cropped = img.crop((left, upper, right, bottom))# 缩放resized = img.resize((300200))thumb = img.copy()thumb.thumbnail((150100))# 旋转rotated = img.rotate(45, expand=True)# 水印draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)font = ImageFont.truetype("simhei.ttf", size=24)draw.text((1010), "水印文字", fill=(255255255), font=font)

总结

今天我们掌握了 Pillow 图像处理的五大基础技能:

  • ✅ Image.open() —— 打开网络/本地图片

  • ✅ img.crop() —— 裁剪局部区域

  • ✅ img.resize() / img.thumbnail() —— 缩放与缩略图

  • ✅ img.rotate() —— 旋转任意角度

  • ✅ ImageDraw + ImageFont —— 添加文字水印

  • ✅ requests + BytesIO —— 网络图片直接处理

关键记忆:Pillow 的操作链 = 打开 → 处理(裁剪/缩放/旋转/水印)→ 保存。

🎯 今日金句在 Pillow 的世界里,每一张图片都是一张画布——裁剪是取景,缩放是构图,旋转是视角,水印是签名。掌握这五大操作,你就拥有了数字图像的"瑞士军刀"。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001173s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001725s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.003113s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000758s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001670s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000644s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.001634s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 508597 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.004270s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1787323832 WHERE `id` = 508597 [ RunTime:0.036460s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 66 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000665s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 508597 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001274s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 508597 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001098s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 508597 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.030390s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 508597 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.014447s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 508597 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.009206s ]
0.273272s