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Python 3 入门与进阶(十一):迭代器与生成器

  • 2026-02-05 21:47:44
Python 3 入门与进阶(十一):迭代器与生成器

大家好,我是煜道。

今天我们一起来学习 迭代器与生成器

引言

迭代器(Iterator)和生成器(Generator)是Python中处理数据流的重要工具。它们提供了一种惰性求值的方式,能够高效处理大规模数据或无限序列,避免一次性将所有数据加载到内存中。 理解迭代器和生成器的原理,对于编写高性能Python代码至关重要。

本文将深入探讨Python的迭代协议、可迭代对象、迭代器、生成器函数以及生成器表达式。通过系统学习,我们将能够利用这些工具编写内存效率更高的代码,并理解现代Python异步编程的基础。

01 可迭代对象与迭代器

1.1 可迭代对象

可迭代对象(Iterable)是能够返回其成员的对象,可以被for循环遍历:

# 常见的可迭代对象lst = [123]           # 列表tup = (123)           # 元组s = "hello"# 字符串d = {'a'1'b'2}      # 字典st = {123}            # 集合r = range(5)              # range对象# 检查是否可迭代from collections.abc import Iterableprint(isinstance(lst, Iterable))   # Trueprint(isinstance(s, Iterable))     # Trueprint(isinstance(42, Iterable))    # False# 手动迭代it = iter(lst)  # 获取迭代器print(next(it))  # 1print(next(it))  # 2print(next(it))  # 3# print(next(it))  # StopIteration异常

1.2 迭代协议

迭代协议包含两个方法:

classMyList:def__init__(self, data):        self.data = data        self.index = 0def__iter__(self):"""返回迭代器对象"""return selfdef__next__(self):"""返回下一个元素"""if self.index >= len(self.data):raise StopIteration        value = self.data[self.index]        self.index += 1return valuemlist = MyList([123])for item in mlist:    print(item)# 1# 2# 3

1.3 iter()函数的高级用法

# 基本用法lst = [12345]it = iter(lst)# 带哨兵值的用法with open('file.txt'as f:for line in iter(lambda: f.readline(), ''):        print(line.strip())

02 生成器函数

2.1 什么是生成器

生成器是一种特殊的迭代器,通过函数定义中的yield语句创建:

defmy_range(start, end):"""自定义范围生成器"""    current = startwhile current < end:yield current        current += 1# 使用生成器for i in my_range(05):    print(i)# 0# 1# 2# 3# 4

2.2 生成器的工作原理

defsimple_gen():    print("Before first yield")yield1    print("After first yield, before second")yield2    print("After second yield")yield3    print("Generator done")gen = simple_gen()print("Generator created, not executed yet")print(next(gen))  # 执行到第一个yield# 输出:Before first yield# 返回:1print(next(gen))  # 从第一个yield后继续执行# 输出:After first yield, before second# 返回:2print(next(gen))# 输出:After second yield# 返回:3# print(next(gen))  # StopIteration

2.3 生成器的优势

# 生成大量数据的两种方式# 方式一:列表(一次性生成全部)defgenerate_numbers_list(n):return [i * i for i in range(n)]# 内存占用大:需要存储整个列表large_list = generate_numbers_list(1000000)import sysprint(sys.getsizeof(large_list))  # 约8MB# 方式二:生成器(惰性求值)defgenerate_numbers_gen(n):for i in range(n):yield i * i# 内存占用小:每次只生成一个值large_gen = generate_numbers_gen(1000000)print(sys.getsizeof(large_gen))   # 约几百字节# 实际使用total = sum(generate_numbers_gen(1000000))print(total)  # 0² + 1² + ... + 999999²

03 生成器表达式

3.1 列表推导式vs生成器表达式

# 列表推导式(立即求值)squares_list = [x * x for x in range(10)]print(type(squares_list))  # <class 'list'>print(squares_list)        # [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]# 生成器表达式(惰性求值)squares_gen = (x * x for x in range(10))print(type(squares_gen))   # <class 'generator'>print(squares_gen)         # <generator object <genexpr> at 0x...># 逐个取值print(next(squares_gen))   # 0print(next(squares_gen))   # 1

3.2 生成器表达式的使用场景

# 适合使用生成器的情况# 1. 只遍历一次# 2. 内存敏感# 3. 数据量巨大或无限# 计算文件总行数(内存友好)with open('large_file.txt'as f:    line_count = sum(1for _ in f)# 管道式处理defread_lines(filename):with open(filename) as f:for line in f:yield line.strip()deffilter_lines(lines, keyword):for line in lines:if keyword in line:yield linedefcount_words(lines):return sum(len(line.split()) for line in lines)# 链式调用lines = read_lines('file.txt')filtered = filter_lines(lines, 'Python')result = count_words(filtered)

3.3 生成器表达式在函数中的应用

# sum()与生成器total = sum(x * x for x in range(1000))# max()与生成器max_val = max(x for x in range(100if x % 2 == 0)# any()与生成器has_even = any(x % 2 == 0for x in [13579])# all()与生成器all_positive = all(x > 0for x in [12345])# 嵌套生成器matrix = [[123], [456], [789]]flat = (x for row in matrix for x in row)

04 yield from

4.1 yield from的基本用法

# Python 3.3+ 引入yield from# 传统方式:委托给子生成器defgen1():for i in range(3):yield idefgen2():for i in range(3):yield ifor j in range(36):yield j# yield from方式:更简洁defgen3():yieldfrom range(3)yieldfrom range(36)# 等价于defgen4():for i in range(3):yield ifor i in range(36):yield i

4.2 yield from与深度嵌套

defflatten(nested_list):"""扁平化嵌套列表"""for item in nested_list:if isinstance(item, list):yieldfrom flatten(item)else:yield item# 使用nested = [1, [23], [4, [56]], 7]print(list(flatten(nested)))  # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

4.3 yield from的传值

defecho():"""回声生成器:接收并传回值"""    received = yield    print(f"Received: {received}")    received = yield received * 2    print(f"Received: {received}")return received * 3gen = echo()print(next(gen))       # 启动print(gen.send(10))    # 发送10,返回20print(gen.send(20))    # StopIteration 60

05 协程基础

5.1 协程与生成器

生成器可以用作协程,实现协作式多任务:

defgrep(pattern):"""搜索模式协程"""    print(f"Looking for {pattern}")try:whileTrue:            line = yieldif pattern in line:                print(line)except GeneratorExit:        print("Stopping coroutine")# 使用协程search = grep("Python")next(search)  # 启动search.send("Hello world")search.send("Python is great")search.send("Java is good")search.send("Python rocks!")search.close()# 输出:# Looking for Python# Python is great# Python rocks!# Stopping coroutine

5.2 管道式协程

defcountdown(n):"""倒计时协程"""while n > 0:yield n        n -= 1defsquare(numbers):"""平方协程"""for n in numbers:yield n * ndefoutput(items):"""输出协程"""for item in items:        print(f"Output: {item}")# 构建管道c = countdown(5)s = square(c)o = output(s)# 启动管道o.send(None)  # 相当于next(o)# 或使用close停止

06 生成器的状态

6.1 检查生成器状态

defsimple_gen():yield1yield2yield3gen = simple_gen()# gi_code:代码对象print(gen.gi_code.co_name)  # 'simple_gen'# gi_frame:当前帧print(gen.gi_frame.f_locals)  # {}# gi_running:是否正在运行print(gen.gi_running)  # Falsenext(gen)print(gen.gi_running)  # False(yield时暂停)import typesprint(isinstance(gen, types.GeneratorType))  # True

6.2 生成器的高级控制

defprocess():    result1 = yield"Ready for first value"    result2 = yieldf"Got {result1}, ready for second"returnf"Done with {result1} and {result2}"gen = process()print(gen.send(None))     # 'Ready for first value'print(gen.send("apple"))  # 'Got apple, ready for second'try:    gen.send("banana")except StopIteration as e:    print(f"Final result: {e.value}")  # Final result: Done with apple and banana

07 实战示例

7.1 惰性读取大文件

defread_large_file(file_path, chunk_size=8192):"""惰性读取大文件"""with open(file_path, 'r'as f:whileTrue:            chunk = f.read(chunk_size)ifnot chunk:breakyield chunk# 使用:处理行而不是块defprocess_file_line_by_line(file_path):for chunk in read_large_file(file_path):for line in chunk.splitlines():yield line.strip()

7.2 生成器管道处理数据

defextract_numbers(text):"""从文本中提取数字"""    num = ''for char in text:if char.isdigit() or (char == '.'and num and num.replace('.'''1).isdigit()):            num += charelif num:yield float(num)            num = ''deffilter_positive(numbers):"""过滤正数"""for n in numbers:if n > 0:yield ndefrunning_total(numbers):"""计算运行总和"""    total = 0for n in numbers:        total += nyield total# 组合管道text = "Prices: $12.50, $25.00, $8.75, -$5.00"pipeline = running_total(filter_positive(extract_numbers(text)))print(list(pipeline))

7.3 实现迭代器适配器

classIteratorAdapter:"""将可迭代对象转换为迭代器(带进度)"""def__init__(self, iterable):        self.iterable = iter(iterable)        self.count = 0def__iter__(self):return selfdef__next__(self):        self.count += 1return next(self.iterable)# 使用adapter = IteratorAdapter(range(5))for item in adapter:    print(f"Item {adapter.count}{item}")

08 小结

本文深入探讨了Python的迭代器和生成器:

  1. 可迭代对象:实现__iter__方法的对象。
  2. 迭代器:实现__iter____next__方法的对象。
  3. 生成器函数:使用yield语句的函数,返回生成器对象。
  4. 生成器表达式:惰性求值的列表推导式。
  5. yield from:委托给子生成器。
  6. 协程基础:生成器作为协程的使用。

迭代器和生成器是Python中处理数据流的核心工具。它们通过惰性求值实现内存效率,通过生成器表达式提供简洁的语法,通过协程支持协作式多任务。掌握这些概念对于编写高质量的Python代码至关重要。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000675s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000769s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000609s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000262s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000600s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000225s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000504s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 473749 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.014527s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1770455204 WHERE `id` = 473749 [ RunTime:0.005248s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 66 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000239s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 473749 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000440s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 473749 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001718s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 473749 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.000566s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 473749 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.000625s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 473749 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.012762s ]
0.188544s