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Linux结构化命令(一)——if语句

  • 2026-02-07 22:46:35
Linux结构化命令(一)——if语句
在Linux系统shell脚本中，简单的功能可通过依次顺序执行一组相关命令即可实现，但是实际中许多程序功能的实现需通过一些复杂的逻辑流程控制，因此Linux系统中的诸多结构化命令可实现诸多复杂的逻辑流程控制，比如if-then语句、if嵌套语句、test命令和case命令等，首先介绍if语句应用。
01
if-then语句
作为最基本的结构化命令，其语句格式如下：
if commandthen     commandsfi
上述结构化语句中，if后的命令执行后退出状态码为0即成功运行，则then部分的命令就会被执行，反之如果退出状态码为其他值，则then部分的命令（可写多条命令，可视为一整个代码块）将不会执行，进而执行下一条命令，fi标识if-then语句结束。
if-then还有另外一种形式：
if command;then    commandsfi
以上语句中通过;将then和if语句写在同一行，结构含义与第一种形式相同
02
if-then-else语句
if-then语句只提供一种选择即if后的命令是否成功运行，都只有一种选择，但是if-then-else语句可实现不同选择，其语句格式如下：
if commandthen    commandselse    commandsfi
当if语句中的命令返回退出状态码为0时，then部分的命令会被执行，否则会执行else部分的命令（也可包含多条命令），fi标识if-then-else结构语句结束。
03
if嵌套语句
当需要在脚本中检查多种条件时，可使用if-then语句的嵌套，其基础语句格式如下：
if commandthen    commandselse    if command    then         commands   fifi
也可使用以下简便形式，代码更清晰，逻辑更易懂：
if command1then     commandselif command2then    more commandsfi
每一个代码块会根据条件命令是否返回退出状态码来决定是否执行。也可以继续将多个elif语句串起来，形成一个更大的if-then-elif嵌套组合，如下所示：
if command1then    command set 1elif command2then     command set 2elif command3then     command set 3elif command4then    command set 4fi
以上结构化语句中，shell会依次执行if语句，只有第一个返回退出状态码0的语句中的then部分的语句会被执行。
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000791s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000930s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000418s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000260s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000661s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000240s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000726s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 474236 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000449s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1770490155 WHERE `id` = 474236 [ RunTime:0.001377s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 67 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000281s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 474236 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000543s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 474236 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000534s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 474236 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.002708s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 474236 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.000827s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 474236 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.007894s ]
0.164121s