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Linux Cassandra数据目录布局、CommitLog、SSTable 与 Memtable 管理

  • 2026-01-27 11:23:36
Linux Cassandra数据目录布局、CommitLog、SSTable 与 Memtable 管理

Linux Cassandra数据目录布局、CommitLog、SSTable 与 Memtable 管理

一、Cassandra 数据目录整体布局

1.1 默认与推荐目录(cassandra.yaml 配置)

Cassandra 数据目录由 cassandra.yaml 指定,生产强烈建议分离磁盘:

data_file_directories:
-/data/cassandra/data# SSTable 主目录

commitlog_directory:/data/cassandra/commitlog# CommitLog

hints_directory:/data/cassandra/hints# Hinted Handoff

saved_caches_directory:/data/cassandra/saved_caches# Key/Row Cache 保存

cdc_raw_directory:/data/cassandra/cdc_raw# Change Data Capture(可选)

实际布局(以 /data/cassandra/data 为例):

/data/cassandra/data
└── keyspace1
    ├── table1-uuid1
    │   ├── backups/            # snapshot 目录
    │   ├── snapshots/          # 同上,旧版兼容
    │   ├── la-1-big-Data.db    # SSTable 数据文件
    │   ├── la-1-big-Index.db
    │   ├── la-1-big-Filter.db  # Bloom Filter
    │   ├── la-1-big-Summary.db
    │   ├── la-1-big-TOC.txt    # 目录文件
    │   └── ...                 # 其他组件文件(CompressionInfo、Statistics 等)
    ├── table2-uuid2
    └── system_keyspace...

每个表目录名格式:<table_name>-<uuid>(uuid 为表ID,防止重名)

1.2 目录大小监控与规划

生产实践:

  • Data目录:最大,占90%+空间
  • CommitLog:固定段大小(默认32MB/段),活跃段少,旧段可归档
  • Hints:节点宕机时增长快,恢复后清理
  • Saved_Caches:重启时加载,占用小

监控命令:

du -sh /data/cassandra/*      # 总览
du -sh /data/cassandra/data/*/* | sort -hr | head -20  # トップ大表

nodetool 辅助:

nodetool tablestats keyspace.table | grep "Space used"
nodetool cfstats              # 所有表空间统计

生产阈值:Data目录使用率 >80% 告警,预留50%用于Compaction临时空间。

1.3 常见目录问题

  • 空间爆炸:墓碑堆积 + Compaction落后 → SSTable 数爆炸
  • 权限错误:cassandra 用户无写权限 → 启动失败
  • 磁盘损坏:单文件损坏 → nodetool scrub 或删除坏SSTable

二、CommitLog 详解与管理

2.1 CommitLog 作用与原理

CommitLog 是 Cassandra 耐久性保证的核心:

  • 写操作先顺序追加到 CommitLog(持久化)
  • 再写入 Memtable
  • 宕机恢复时,从 CommitLog replay 未 flush 数据

特点:

  • 纯顺序写,几乎零随机IO
  • 分段管理:CommitLogSegment,默认32MB(commitlog_segment_size_in_mb)
  • 活跃段:当前写段
  • 旧段:Memtable flush后可归档/删除

5.0变化:支持压缩CommitLog(commitlog_compression),减少磁盘占用。

2.2 CommitLog 目录结构

/data/cassandra/commitlog
├── CommitLog-7-1234567890.log   # 段文件,命名:版本-段ID-时间戳
├── CommitLog-7-1234567891.log
└── archive/                     # 可选归档目录

2.3 CommitLog 管理实战

  • 参数调优(cassandra.yaml):
commitlog_segment_size_in_mb:32# 大段减少管理开销,小段更快回收
commitlog_total_space_in_mb:8192# 总上限,超过阻塞写(生产推荐磁盘大小/4)
commitlog_sync:periodic
commitlog_sync_period_in_ms:10000
  • 归档旧段

生产脚本:flush所有Memtable后,移动旧段到archive

nodetool flush               # 全集群flush
mv /data/cassandra/commitlog/CommitLog-* /data/archive/commitlog/
  • 恢复与Replay

节点启动自动replay,日志:

INFO  [CommitLogReplayer] Replaying CommitLog segments...
  • 故障处理

CommitLog损坏 → commit_failure_policy: stop(推荐),手动删除坏段(高风险)

2.4 生产最佳实践

  • CommitLog单独NVMe盘(高IOPS)
  • 监控段数量:>1000 → flush慢或写爆
  • CDC启用时,CommitLog不可删(cdc_raw_directory同步)

案例:某集群CommitLog盘满 → 写阻塞 → 调高总空间 + 分离盘,解决。


三、Memtable 详解与管理

3.1 Memtable 作用与结构

Memtable 是写路径的内存缓冲:

  • 写操作:CommitLog后 → Memtable
  • 达到阈值 → flush到SSTable
  • 每个表独立Memtable

4.x:SkipList结构(有序,内存碎片高)

5.0重大升级:Trie-based Memtable(前缀树)

  • 内存利用率更高(减少碎片)
  • offheap模式更高效
  • 支持动态调整

3.2 Memtable 配置与监控

关键参数(cassandra.yaml,第4篇回顾):

memtable_allocation_type:offheap_objects# 5.0推荐
memtable_offheap_space_in_mb:16384
memtable_flush_writers:8

监控:

nodetool tablestats keyspace.table | grep -A5 "Memtable"
# 输出:Cell count, Data size, Off-heap size, Flush progress 等

nodetool tpstats | grep MemtableFlusher # Pending flush任务

3.3 Memtable 管理操作

  • 强制flush
nodetool flush keyspace table   # 指定表
nodetool flush                  # 全集群

场景:重启前drain、Memtable堆积

  • 阈值触发

自动:memtable_heap/offheap_space、flush_period等

  • 故障恢复

Memtable丢失(宕机未flush) → CommitLog replay重建

生产问题:offheap泄漏(旧版bug) → 升级5.0+ 或监控Direct Memory


四、SSTable 详解与管理

4.1 SSTable 原理与格式

SSTable(Sorted String Table)是磁盘持久化结构:

  • Immutable:一旦flush,不可修改
  • 多SSTable合并 → Compaction
  • 每个SSTable一系列文件

典型文件(la-1-big- 前缀,la为Level 0):

  • -Data.db:实际行数据
  • -Index.db:Partition Index(键到位置)
  • -Summary.db:Index采样
  • -Filter.db:Bloom Filter
  • -TOC.txt:组件列表
  • -CompressionInfo.db:压缩信息
  • -Statistics.db:元数据(min/max timestamp、墓碑数)
  • -Digest.sha1:校验

5.0新格式:mc/mv(Trie压缩),更小更快

4.2 SSTable 生命周期

  1. Memtable flush → 新SSTable(Level 0)
  2. Compaction合并 → 高Level或新世代
  3. 删除条件:墓碑GC grace过期 + Compaction清理

4.3 SSTable 管理命令

  • 查看SSTable
ls /data/cassandra/data/keyspace/table-*/  # 手动
nodetool listsnapshots                 # Snapshot相关
nodetool tablestats | grep "SSTables"
  • 升级SSTable格式(版本升级后):
nodetool upgradesstables keyspace table
  • 校验与修复
nodetool scrub keyspace table       # 校验坏SSTable
nodetool verify                     # 类似

坏SSTable:手动删除文件(高风险,最后手段)

  • 手动加载

sstableloader(批量导入)

4.4 生产SSTable 问题排查

  • SSTable数爆炸 → Compaction落后 → 提高concurrent_compactors
  • 读放大高 → SSTables per read >10 → 强制compact
  • 墓碑警告 → Statistics.db中tombstones高 → 调整gc_grace_seconds或repair

案例:某表SSTable达数千 → 读延迟秒级 → 切换LCS + 手动compact,恢复ms级。


五、Hints 与 Saved Caches 管理

5.1 Hints

  • 节点宕机时,Coordinator存Hint
  • 恢复后递交
  • 目录:hints_directory
  • 文件类似CommitLog

管理:max_hint_window_in_ms(默认3h),超时丢弃

监控:nodetool netstats | grep Hints

清理:nodetool disablehinteddandoff + truncate hints表

5.2 Saved Caches

  • Key Cache / Counter Cache 保存到磁盘
  • 重启加载

管理:saved_caches_directory,空间小,通常忽略


六、生产存储管理最佳实践

  1. 磁盘分离:CommitLog NVMe、Data 大容量SSD
  2. 定期巡检:脚本监控du + nodetool tablestats
  3. 自动化清理:Snapshot定期删除旧版
  4. 备份集成:Snapshot + Incremental
  5. 容量告警:Data >70%、CommitLog >80%

完整巡检脚本示例:

#!/bin/bash
echo"目录占用"
du -sh /data/cassandra/*
echo"大表Top10"
nodetool cfstats | grep -A10 "Table: " | grep "Space used"
echo"Memtable状态"
nodetool tablestats prod.bigtable | grep Memtable

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000606s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000718s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.001414s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000923s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000565s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001047s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000597s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 460359 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.010253s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1770575648 WHERE `id` = 460359 [ RunTime:0.003498s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 67 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000325s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 460359 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001090s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 460359 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.014032s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 460359 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.009680s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 460359 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.001215s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 460359 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.000993s ]
0.141890s