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Python 内置函数系列:d开头系列函数

  • 2026-01-21 09:01:49
Python 内置函数系列:d开头系列函数

delattr():动态属性管理的"删除专家"

1. 基础用法:删除对象属性

delattr()函数是setattr()的配套函数,用于动态删除对象属性。

class User:
    def
 __init__(self, name, age, email):
        self
.name = name
        self
.age = age
        self
.email = email

# 创建用户实例

user = User("张三", 25, "zhang@example.com")
print
(f"删除前属性: {user.__dict__}")

# 删除email属性

delattr
(user, 'email')
print
(f"删除后属性: {user.__dict__}")

# 等价于直接使用del

del
 user.age
print
(f"最终属性: {user.__dict__}")

为什么__dict__可以查看实例的属性可以看这篇:

Python 世界的"三层身份证":__dict__的魔法与秘密

2. 实际应用:动态配置管理

class ConfigManager:
    def
 __init__(self):
        self
._config = {
            'debug_mode'
: True,
            'log_level'
: 'INFO',
            'max_connections'
: 100
        }
        # 将配置项设置为实例属性

        for
 key, value in self._config.items():
            setattr
(self, key, value)

    def
 remove_config(self, key):
        """安全删除配置项"""

        if
 hasattr(self, key):
            delattr
(self, key)
            print
(f"已删除配置: {key}")
        else
:
            print
(f"配置项不存在: {key}")

    def
 cleanup_temp_attrs(self):
        """清理临时属性"""

        temp_attrs = [attr for attr in dir(self)
                     if
 attr.startswith('_temp_')]
        for
 attr in temp_attrs:
            delattr
(self, attr)
            print
(f"清理临时属性: {attr}")

# 使用示例

config = ConfigManager()
print
(f"初始配置: {config.debug_mode}")

# 动态添加临时属性

config._temp_cache = "临时数据"
config.remove_config('debug_mode')
config.cleanup_temp_attrs()

dict():字典创建的"多面手"

1. 三种创建字典的方式

dict()函数提供了三种灵活的方式来创建字典:

# 方式1:关键字参数创建
person1 = dict(name="李四", age=30, city="北京")
print
(f"关键字创建: {person1}")

# 方式2:从映射对象创建

from
 collections import OrderedDict
ordered_dict = OrderedDict([('name', '王五'), ('age', 25)])
person2 = dict(ordered_dict)
print
(f"映射创建: {person2}")

# 方式3:从可迭代对象创建

items = [('name', '赵六'), ('age', 28), ('city', '上海')]
person3 = dict(items)
print
(f"可迭代创建: {person3}")

# 方式4:组合使用

person4 = dict([('name', '钱七')], age=35, city="广州")
print
(f"组合创建: {person4}")

2. 实际应用:配置合并与转换

class ConfigBuilder:
    @staticmethod

    def
 merge_configs(*configs):
        """合并多个配置字典"""

        result = dict()
        for
 config in configs:
            if
 isinstance(config, dict):
                result.update(config)
            elif
 hasattr(config, '__iter__'):
                result.update(dict(config))
        return
 result

    @staticmethod

    def
 create_from_env_vars(env_vars):
        """从环境变量列表创建配置"""

        # 模拟环境变量:KEY=VALUE格式

        env_pairs = [env.split('=') for env in env_vars if '=' in env]
        return
 dict(env_pairs)

    @staticmethod

    def
 normalize_config(config_data):
        """标准化配置数据"""

        if
 isinstance(config_data, dict):
            return
 config_data
        elif
 hasattr(config_data, '_asdict'):  # 命名元组
            return
 dict(config_data._asdict())
        elif
 isinstance(config_data, (list, tuple)):
            return
 dict(config_data)
        else
:
            raise
 ValueError("不支持的配置格式")

# 使用示例

default_config = {'debug': False, 'port': 8080}
user_config = [('debug', True), ('host', 'localhost')]
env_config = ['DB_HOST=localhost', 'DB_PORT=5432']

# 合并配置

final_config = ConfigBuilder.merge_configs(
    default_config, 
    user_config,
    ConfigBuilder.create_from_env_vars(env_config)
)
print
(f"最终配置: {final_config}")

dir():对象探索的"显微镜"

1. 基础用法:探索对象属性

dir()函数是Python自省的重要工具,可以查看对象的可用属性和方法。

import math

# 查看当前作用域的名称

print
("当前作用域名称:")
current_names = [name for name in dir() if not name.startswith('_')]
print
(current_names[:5])  # 显示前5个

# 查看模块的属性

print
("\nmath模块的部分函数:")
math_functions = [name for name in dir(math)
                 if
 not name.startswith('_') and callable(getattr(math, name))]
print
(math_functions[:8])  # 显示前8个函数

# 查看自定义对象的属性

class
 SmartDevice:
    def
 __init__(self, name, status=False):
        self
.name = name
        self
._status = status

    def
 turn_on(self):
        self
._status = True

    def
 turn_off(self):
        self
._status = False

    def
 __dir__(self):
        """自定义dir()输出"""

        return
 ['name', 'status', 'turn_on', 'turn_off', 'is_active']

device = SmartDevice("智能灯")
print
(f"\n设备属性: {dir(device)}")

2. 实际应用:动态API探索器

class APIExplorer:
    def
 __init__(self, target_object):
        self
.target = target_object

    def
 explore_methods(self):
        """探索对象的方法"""

        methods = [name for name in dir(self.target)
                  if
 callable(getattr(self.target, name))
                  and
 not name.startswith('_')]
        return
 methods

    def
 explore_properties(self):
        """探索对象的属性"""

        properties = [name for name in dir(self.target)
                     if
 not callable(getattr(self.target, name))
                     and
 not name.startswith('_')]
        return
 properties

    def
 get_method_signature(self, method_name):
        """获取方法签名信息"""

        try
:
            method = getattr(self.target, method_name)
            return
 {
                'name'
: method_name,
                'callable'
: callable(method),
                'module'
: getattr(method, '__module__', 'Unknown'),
                'doc'
: getattr(method, '__doc__', 'No documentation')
            }
        except
 AttributeError:
            return
 None

    def
 generate_api_docs(self):
        """生成简单的API文档"""

        print
(f"=== {self.target.__class__.__name__} API ===")

        print
("\n方法:")
        for
 method in self.explore_methods()[:5]:  # 只显示前5个
            info = self.get_method_signature(method)
            if
 info:
                print
(f"  {info['name']} - {info['doc'][:50]}...")

        print
("\n属性:")
        for
 prop in self.explore_properties()[:5]:  # 只显示前5个
            print
(f"  {prop}")

# 使用示例:探索list类型

explorer = APIExplorer([])
explorer.generate_api_docs()

divmod():数学运算的"双响炮"

1. 基础用法:同时获取商和余数

divmod()函数返回商和余数组成的元组,特别适合需要同时使用两种结果的场景。

# 整数除法
result = divmod(10, 3)
print
(f"10除以3: 商={result[0]}, 余数={result[1]}")

# 浮点数除法

float_result = divmod(10.5, 3.2)
print
(f"10.5除以3.2: 商={float_result[0]:.2f}, 余数={float_result[1]:.2f}")

# 等价于

a, b = 10, 3
manual_result = (a // b, a % b)
print
(f"手动计算: {manual_result}")

2. 实际应用:时间转换和分页计算

class Calculator:
    @staticmethod

    def
 seconds_to_hms(total_seconds):
        """将秒数转换为小时:分钟:秒格式"""

        hours, remainder = divmod(total_seconds, 3600)
        minutes, seconds = divmod(remainder, 60)
        return
 hours, minutes, seconds

    @staticmethod

    def
 calculate_pagination(total_items, items_per_page):
        """计算分页信息"""

        total_pages, remainder = divmod(total_items, items_per_page)
        if
 remainder > 0:
            total_pages += 1
        return
 total_pages

    @staticmethod

    def
 money_breakdown(total_cents):
        """将金额分解为元、角、分"""

        yuan, remainder = divmod(total_cents, 100)
        jiao, fen = divmod(remainder, 10)
        return
 yuan, jiao, fen

    @staticmethod

    def
 coordinate_conversion(total_units, base_unit):
        """坐标单位转换"""

        major_units, minor_units = divmod(total_units, base_unit)
        return
 major_units, minor_units

# 使用示例

calc = Calculator()

# 时间转换

seconds = 3665
hours, minutes, seconds = calc.seconds_to_hms(seconds)
print
(f"{seconds}秒 = {hours}小时{minutes}分钟{seconds}秒")

# 分页计算

total_items = 105
items_per_page = 10
pages = calc.calculate_pagination(total_items, items_per_page)
print
(f"{total_items}个项目,每页{items_per_page}个,需要{pages}页")

# 金额分解

total_cents = 1234
yuan, jiao, fen = calc.money_breakdown(total_cents)
print
(f"{total_cents}分 = {yuan}{jiao}{fen}分")

总结

通过今天的探索,我们深入了解了四个强大的内置函数:

  1. 1. delattr() - 动态属性管理的利器
  2. 2. dict() - 灵活创建字典的多面手
  3. 3. dir() - 对象自省的显微镜
  4. 4. divmod() - 高效数学运算的双响炮

阅读推荐

Python 内置函数系列:c开头系列函数

Python 内置函数系列:b开头系列函数

Python 内置函数系列:a开头函数


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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000468s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000767s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000273s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000255s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000539s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000205s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000502s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 462723 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000490s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1770574020 WHERE `id` = 462723 [ RunTime:0.005009s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 66 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000252s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 462723 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000420s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 462723 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002339s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 462723 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.006156s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 462723 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.008253s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 462723 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.016924s ]
0.112709s