Linux备份与恢复从入门到实战的完整指南(普及篇)

#!/bin/bash # 文件名：backup_rsync.sh # 功能：增量备份指定目录，保留7天历史版本  # 配置区域 SOURCE="/home/user"              # 源目录 BACKUP_ROOT="/backup"            #备份根目录DATE=$(date+%Y%m%d_%H%M%S) BACKUP_DIR="$BACKUP_ROOT/$DATE"  # 本次备份目录 LATEST_LINK="$BACKUP_ROOT/latest" # 最新备份的符号链接 LOG_FILE="/var/log/backup.log"   # 日志文件 RETENTION_DAYS=7                  # 保留天数  # 创建备份目录 mkdir -p "$BACKUP_DIR" # 执行增量备份（使用硬链接节省空间） if [ -d "$LATEST_LINK" ]; thenrsync -av --delete --link-dest="$LATEST_LINK" \--exclude='*.tmp' \        --exclude='*.cache' \         --exclude='.Trash' \        "$SOURCE/" "$BACKUP_DIR/" >> "$LOG_FILE" 2>&1 else     rsync -av --delete \         "$SOURCE/" "$BACKUP_DIR/" >> "$LOG_FILE" 2>&1 fi  # 检查备份是否成功 if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then     echo "$(date): 备份成功 - $BACKUP_DIR" >> "$LOG_FILE"     # 更新最新备份链接     rm -f "$LATEST_LINK"     ln -s "$BACKUP_DIR" "$LATEST_LINK" else     echo "$(date): 备份失败" >> "$LOG_FILE"     exit 1 fi  # 删除超过保留天数的旧备份 find "$BACKUP_ROOT" -maxdepth 1 -type d -mtime +$RETENTION_DAYS -exec rm -rf {} \;echo "$(date): 清理完成，保留最近 $RETENTION_DAYS 天的备份" >> "$LOG_FILE"

# 给脚本添加执行权限 chmod +x backup_rsync.sh# 编辑crontab crontab -e  # 添加定时任务（每天凌晨2点执行） 0 2 * * * /path/to/backup_rsync.sh  # 或每6小时备份一次 0 */6 * * * /path/to/backup_rsync.sh

# 查看可用的备份版本 ls -lh /backup/  # 恢复整个目录 rsync -av /backup/20250209_020000/ /home/user/ # 恢复单个文件 cp /backup/latest/documents/important.txt /home/user/documents/  # 对比两个备份的差异 diff -r /backup/20250208_020000/ /backup/20250209_020000/

# 压缩备份整个目录tar -czf backup_$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz /home/user/# 使用更高压缩率（但速度慢） tar -cJf backup_$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.xz /home/user/# 排除某些目录 tar -czf backup.tar.gz \--exclude='/home/user/.cache' \--exclude='*.tmp' \/home/user/# 查看压缩包内容（不解压） tar -tzf backup.tar.gz# 解压恢复 tar -xzf backup.tar.gz -C /restore/path/

#!/bin/bash # 系统完整备份脚本BACKUP_DIR="/backup/system" DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d) HOSTNAME=$(hostname) BACKUP_FILE="$BACKUP_DIR/system_$HOSTNAME_$DATE.tar.gz"  mkdir -p "$BACKUP_DIR"# 备份系统关键目录 tar -czpf "$BACKUP_FILE" \--exclude=/proc \--exclude=/sys \--exclude=/dev \--exclude=/run \--exclude=/tmp \--exclude=/mnt \--exclude=/media \--exclude=/backup \--exclude=/lost+found \/# 单独备份已安装的软件包列表 dpkg --get-selections > "$BACKUP_DIR/packages_$DATE.txt" # Debian/Ubuntu # rpm -qa > "$BACKUP_DIR/packages_$DATE.txt"  # CentOS/RHELecho "备份完成: $BACKUP_FILE" ls -lh "$BACKUP_FILE"

# 第一次完全备份tar -czf full_backup.tar.gz -g snapshot.file /home/user/  # 第二次增量备份（只备份变化的文件） tar -czf incremental_1.tar.gz -g snapshot.file /home/user/ # 第三次增量备份 tar -czf incremental_2.tar.gz -g snapshot.file /home/user/  # 恢复时需要按顺序恢复 tar -xzf full_backup.tar.gz -g /dev/null tar -xzf incremental_1.tar.gz -g /dev/null tar -xzf incremental_2.tar.gz -g /dev/null

# 下载Clonezilla Live ISO wget https://downloads.sourceforge.net/clonezilla/clonezilla-live-3.1.2-22-amd64.iso# 制作启动U盘（在Linux下） sudo dd if=clonezilla-live-3.1.2-22-amd64.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=4M status=progress  # 注意：/dev/sdb需要替换为你的U盘设备

# 使用PXE网络启动进行批量克隆 # Clonezilla SE可以同时为多台电脑恢复相同的系统镜像 # 命令行模式备份（适合脚本化） sudo /usr/sbin/ocs-sr \-q2 -c -j2 -z1p -i 4096 -fsck-src-part-y -p true \savedisk backup_image sda# 自动化脚本恢复 sudo /usr/sbin/ocs-sr \-g auto -e1 auto -e2 -r -j2 -c -p true \restoredisk backup_image sda

# Ubuntu/Debian sudo apt install timeshift# Fedora sudo dnf install timeshift# Arch Linux sudo pacman -S timeshift

# 创建快照 sudo timeshift --create --comments "系统升级前备份"  # 列出所有快照 sudo timeshift --list  # 恢复快照（需要在Live系统中执行） sudo timeshift --restore # 删除快照 sudo timeshift --delete --snapshot '2025-02-09_10-00-01'  # 设置自动快照 sudo timeshift --snapshot-device /dev/sdb1 sudo timeshift --schedule daily sudo timeshift --schedule-hourly 1  # 保留1个小时快照 sudo timeshift --schedule-daily 7   # 保留7个每日快照

sudo timeshift --restore # 选择要恢复的快照 # 系统会自动处理文件替换

# Ubuntu/Debian sudo apt install restic  # 从源安装最新版 wget https://github.com/restic/restic/releases/download/v0.16.4/restic_0.16.4_linux_amd64.bz2 bunzip2 restic_0.16.4_linux_amd64.bz2 chmod +x restic_0.16.4_linux_amd64 sudo mv restic_0.16.4_linux_amd64 /usr/local/bin/restic

# 初始化仓库（第一次使用） restic init --repo /backup/restic_repo # 会要求设置密码，务必牢记！# 备份目录 restic backup /home/user --repo /backup/restic_repo# 列出快照 restic snapshots --repo /backup/restic_repo# 恢复最新快照 restic restore latest --target /restore/path --repo /backup/restic_repo# 恢复特定快照 restic restore abc123 --target /restore/path --repo /backup/restic_repo# 检查仓库完整性 restic check --repo /backup/restic_repo# 清理旧快照（保留最近7天） restic forget --keep-daily 7 --prune --repo /backup/restic_repo

export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="你的AccessKeyId" export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="你的AccessKeySecret"  restic init --repo s3:oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/bucket-name/restic restic backup /data --repo s3:oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/bucket-name/restic

restic init --repo sftp:user@backup-server:/backup/restic restic backup /home/user --repo sftp:user@backup-server:/backup/restic

#!/bin/bash # restic自动备份脚本export RESTIC_REPOSITORY="/backup/restic_repo" export RESTIC_PASSWORD="你的仓库密码"# 执行备份 restic backup /home/user \--exclude='*.cache' \--exclude='.local/share/Trash' \--exclude='Downloads' \--tag daily# 清理策略：保留最近7天每日，4周每周，6个月每月 restic forget \--keep-daily 7 \--keep-weekly 4 \--keep-monthly 6 \--prune# 检查仓库健康 restic check --read-data-subset=10%# 添加到crontab每天执行 # 0 3 * * * /path/to/restic_backup.sh >> /var/log/restic.log 2>&1

# 挂载快照为文件系统（只读） mkdir /mnt/restic restic mount /mnt/restic --repo /backup/restic_repo # 现在可以像普通目录一样浏览所有快照# 对比两个快照的差异 restic diff snapshot1 snapshot2 --repo /backup/restic_repo# 仅备份变化的文件 restic backup --parent abc123 /home/user --repo /backup/restic_repo# 限制带宽（适合云端备份） restic backup /data --limit-upload 1024 --repo s3:...

# 安装Bacula（以Director为例） sudo apt install bacula-director-mysql bacula-sd bacula-client# 配置架构 # Director：备份调度和管理 # Storage Daemon：存储管理 # File Daemon：被备份的客户端 # Catalog：MySQL/PostgreSQL数据库# 配置示例：/etc/bacula/bacula-dir.conf Director {Name = backup-dirDIRport = 9101QueryFile = "/etc/bacula/query.sql"WorkingDirectory = "/var/lib/bacula"PidDirectory = "/run/bacula"Maximum Concurrent Jobs = 20Password = "director_password"Messages = Daemon }Job {Name = "BackupClient1"Type = BackupLevel = IncrementalClient = client1-fdFileSet = "Full Set"Schedule = "WeeklyCycle"Storage = FileMessages = StandardPool = DefaultPriority = 10Write Bootstrap = "/var/lib/bacula/%c.bsr" }

# 安装 sudo apt install duplicity# 完整备份 duplicity full /home/user file:///backup/duplicity# 增量备份 duplicity /home/user file:///backup/duplicity# 恢复 duplicity restore file:///backup/duplicity /restore/path# 备份到S3 duplicity full /data s3://bucket-name/backup# 设置保留策略 duplicity remove-older-than 30D file:///backup/duplicity

# 安装 sudo apt install borgbackup  # 初始化仓库 borg init --encryption=repokey /backup/borg_repo # 创建备份 borg create /backup/borg_repo::$(date +%Y%m%d) /home/user  # 列出备份 borg list /backup/borg_repo  # 恢复 borg extract /backup/borg_repo::20250209  # 去重压缩统计 borg info /backup/borg_repo