try-except 进阶异常处理|打造企业级容错的猜词小游戏
学习目标:掌握 try-except 多异常精准捕获、自定义异常、异常日志记录,结合上下文管理器,让小游戏具备“精准容错+错误溯源+数据恢复”能力(难度对标实战开发,侧重工程化思维)。
1. 今日核心升级:从“防崩溃”到“精准容错”
前版仅实现基础防崩溃,实战开发中还需解决3个核心问题:
- 不同异常需不同处理策略(而非“一刀切”按答错处理);
- 自定义业务异常(比如“单词库为空”“答题次数超限”);
- 用上下文管理器确保文件/资源正常关闭,避免内存泄漏。
2. 今日核心语法:try-except 进阶用法
| | |
|---|
except 异常类型 as e | | |
raise 自定义异常 | | |
logging | | |
with | | |
3. 完整企业级容错版游戏代码(直接复制运行)
import random
import time
import logging
from datetime import datetime
# ====================== 第一步:初始化日志系统(核心进阶点) ======================
# 配置日志:同时输出到控制台+保存到文件,记录错误时间/类型/详情
logging.basicConfig(
level=logging.INFO,
format="%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s",
handlers=[
logging.FileHandler("guess_word_game.log", encoding="utf-8"), # 日志文件
logging.StreamHandler() # 控制台输出
]
)
# ====================== 第二步:自定义业务异常(核心进阶点) ======================
classGameBusinessError(Exception):
"""自定义游戏业务异常(比如单词库空、答题次数超限)"""
def__init__(self, msg):
self.msg = msg
super().__init__(self.msg)
classInputFormatError(Exception):
"""自定义输入格式异常(非字母、含特殊字符)"""
def__init__(self, input_content, msg):
self.input_content = input_content
self.msg = msg
super().__init__(f"输入内容「{input_content}」:{msg}")
# ====================== 第三步:游戏核心配置 ======================
word_lib = {
"简单": ["cat", "dog", "pen", "book", "egg"],
"中等": ["apple", "banana", "grape", "hello", "milk"],
"困难": ["watermelon", "chocolate", "elephant", "umbrella", "computer"]
}
score_map = {"简单": 1, "中等": 2, "困难": 3}
total_round = 4
total_score = 0
wrong_detail = []
timeout_threshold = 5
used_words = []
continuous_correct = 0
max_retry = 1# 最大重答次数(抽离为配置,便于维护)
# ====================== 第四步:核心工具函数(解耦逻辑) ======================
defget_valid_word(difficulty):
"""获取未使用的有效单词,无可用单词时抛自定义异常"""
available_words = [w for w in word_lib[difficulty] if w notin used_words]
ifnot available_words:
raise GameBusinessError(f"{difficulty}难度单词库已无可用单词!")
target_word = random.choice(available_words)
used_words.append(target_word)
return target_word
defvalidate_input(user_input):
"""验证输入格式,不符合则抛自定义异常"""
user_input = user_input.strip()
ifnot user_input:
raise InputFormatError(user_input, "输入不能为空!")
if user_input.isdigit():
raise InputFormatError(user_input, "禁止输入纯数字!")
ifnot user_input.isalpha():
raise InputFormatError(user_input, "仅允许输入英文字母!")
return user_input.lower()
# ====================== 第五步:主游戏逻辑(带进阶异常处理) ======================
print("🎮 企业级容错版反转猜词小游戏(共{}轮)🎮".format(total_round))
print("📌 规则:精准异常提示|日志记录错误|自定义业务容错|5秒超时")
print("——————————————————")
for round_num, _ in enumerate(range(total_round), start=1):
# 初始化本轮变量
difficulty = random.choice(list(word_lib.keys()))
target_word = None
reverse_correct = None
current_score = score_map[difficulty]
retry_count = 0
is_correct = False
timeout_flag = False
round_error = None# 记录本轮错误信息
try:
# 1. 获取有效单词(捕获业务异常)
target_word = get_valid_word(difficulty)
reverse_correct = ''.join(reversed(target_word))
print(f"\n【第{round_num}题|{difficulty}难度|分值{current_score}分】")
print(f"请输入单词「{target_word}」的反转形式({timeout_threshold}秒内作答):")
# 2. 计时答题 + 输入验证
start_time = time.time()
user_answer = input("你的答案:")
end_time = time.time()
used_time = round(end_time - start_time, 1)
# 3. 超时判断
if used_time > timeout_threshold:
timeout_flag = True
logging.warning(f"第{round_num}题答题超时,用时{used_time}秒")
print(f"⏰ 答题超时!你用了{used_time}秒(阈值{timeout_threshold}秒)")
else:
print(f"⏱️ 答题用时:{used_time}秒")
# 4. 输入格式验证(抛自定义异常)
valid_answer = validate_input(user_answer)
# 5. 答错重答逻辑(带次数校验)
while retry_count < max_retry:
if len(valid_answer) != len(target_word):
print(f"⚠️ 答案长度错误!原单词有{len(target_word)}个字符")
elif valid_answer == reverse_correct.lower():
is_correct = True
print("🎉 答对啦!")
break
else:
retry_count += 1
if retry_count < max_retry:
print(f"❌ 答错啦!你还有{max_retry - retry_count}次重答机会")
user_answer = input("重答答案:")
valid_answer = validate_input(user_answer)
else:
logging.info(f"第{round_num}题重答仍错误,正确答案:{reverse_correct}")
print(f"❌ 重答也错了~正确答案是{reverse_correct}")
# 6. 得分统计
if is_correct:
continuous_correct += 1
total_score += current_score
if continuous_correct >= 2:
total_score += 1
print(f"🎁 连续答对{continuous_correct}题,额外加1分!")
else:
continuous_correct = 0
# ====================== 精准异常捕获 ======================
# 1. 自定义业务异常(单词库空)
except GameBusinessError as e:
round_error = f"业务异常:{e.msg}"
logging.error(round_error)
print(f"\n⚠️ 游戏异常:{e.msg}|自动切换难度继续答题")
# 容错处理:切换难度重新出题
difficulty = random.choice([d for d in word_lib.keys() if d != difficulty])
target_word = get_valid_word(difficulty)
reverse_correct = ''.join(reversed(target_word))
print(f"📌 已切换为{difficulty}难度,单词:{target_word}|本题按答错处理")
# 2. 自定义输入格式异常
except InputFormatError as e:
round_error = f"输入异常:{e.msg}"
logging.error(round_error)
print(f"\n⚠️ {e.msg}|本题按答错处理")
# 3. 用户终止输入
except KeyboardInterrupt:
round_error = "用户终止输入"
logging.warning(round_error)
print("\n⚠️ 你终止了答题!本题按答错处理")
# 4. 所有未预判的系统异常
except Exception as e:
round_error = f"系统异常:{type(e).__name__} - {str(e)}"
logging.error(f"第{round_num}题系统错误:{round_error}", exc_info=True)
print(f"\n⚠️ 程序意外错误:{str(e)}|本题按答错处理")
# 5. 最终兜底:记录错误详情
finally:
if target_word: # 确保单词已生成
wrong_detail.append({
"轮次": round_num,
"难度": difficulty,
"单词": target_word,
"正确答案": reverse_correct if reverse_correct else"",
"超时": timeout_flag,
"错误类型": round_error if round_error else"无(普通答错)"
})
print(f"———————— 第{round_num}题结束 ————————")
# ====================== 结果统计 + 日志持久化 ======================
# 用上下文管理器确保文件正常关闭
with open("game_result_{}.txt".format(datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")), "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write("===== 反转猜词小游戏结算报告 =====\n")
f.write(f"游戏时间:{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}\n")
f.write(f"总答题数:{total_round} 题\n")
f.write(f"总得分:{total_score} 分\n")
f.write(f"连续答对最高次数:{continuous_correct} 次\n")
f.write("\n答错/异常详情:\n")
for detail in wrong_detail:
f.write(f"第{detail['轮次']}题({detail['难度']}):{detail['单词']} → {detail['正确答案']}|超时:{detail['超时']}|错误:{detail['错误类型']}\n")
print("\n——————————————————")
print("🎯 游戏结束!结算结果:")
print(f"总答题数:{total_round} 题")
max_possible_score = sum(score_map.values()) * total_round // 3 * 3
print(f"总得分:{total_score} 分(满分{max_possible_score}分)")
# 评级
rating = "未达标"
if total_score >= max_possible_score * 0.9:
rating = "💎 大神级"
elif total_score >= max_possible_score * 0.7:
rating = "🌟 优秀级"
elif total_score >= max_possible_score * 0.5:
rating = "👍 合格级"
print(f"评级:{rating}")
# 答错详情
if wrong_detail:
print("\n📝 答错/异常/超时题目详情:")
for idx, detail in enumerate(wrong_detail, start=1):
timeout_note = "(超时)"if detail["超时"] else""
print(f"{idx}. 第{detail['轮次']}题({detail['难度']}):{detail['单词']} → {detail['正确答案']}{timeout_note}|{detail['错误类型']}")
else:
print("\n✨ 全部答对,太牛啦!")
print(f"\n📁 游戏日志已保存到 guess_word_game.log")
print(f"📁 结算报告已保存到 game_result_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d_%H%M%S')}.txt")
print("\n💡 实战技巧:精准异常捕获+日志记录,是企业级代码的核心要求~")
4. 核心进阶点拆解(新手重点理解)
| | |
|---|
自定义异常(GameBusinessError/InputFormatError) | | |
logging | 同时输出到控制台+文件,记录错误级别(warning/error) | 替代print,实现错误溯源(线下复盘/线上排查) |
| | |
工具函数解耦(get_valid_word/validate_input) | | |
| | |
5. 今日挑战练习(对标实战开发)
要求:在现有代码基础上,新增3个企业级特性:
- 异常重试机制:捕获“输入格式异常”时,允许用户重新输入(最多2次),而非直接按答错处理;
- 日志分级:区分
DEBUG(调试)、INFO(普通信息)、WARNING(警告)、ERROR(错误)级别; - 游戏配置持久化:把
total_round/max_retry/timeout_threshold等配置写到config.json文件,程序启动时读取。
参考关键代码(配置文件读取):
# 新增:读取配置文件
import json
# 初始化配置文件(首次运行创建)
try:
with open("game_config.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
config = json.load(f)
total_round = config["total_round"]
max_retry = config["max_retry"]
timeout_threshold = config["timeout_threshold"]
except FileNotFoundError:
# 配置文件不存在则创建默认配置
config = {"total_round": 4, "max_retry": 1, "timeout_threshold": 5}
with open("game_config.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
json.dump(config, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
logging.info("配置文件不存在,已创建默认配置")