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Linux 没有回收站?误删文件这样恢复

  • 2026-03-22 20:28:05
Linux 没有回收站?误删文件这样恢复

红帽RHCE9.0课程介绍

红帽RHCA云技术课程介绍


linux不像windows有个回收站,使用rm -rf *基本上文件是找不回来的。
那么问题来了:对于linux下误删的文件,我们是否真的无法通过软件进行恢复呢?
答案当然是否定的,对于误删的文件,我们还是能通过软件恢复过来的。对于误删文件还原可以分为两种情况:一种是删除以后在进程存在删除信息一种是删除以后进程都找不到,只有借助于工具还原。
接下来以例子分别解说下两种不同的误删还原方式:
误删除文件进程还在的情况:这种一般是有活动的进程存在持续标准输入或输出,到时文件被删除后,进程PID依旧存在。这也是有些服务器删除一些文件但是磁盘不释放的原因。
打开一个终端对一个测试文件做cat追加操作:
[root@docking ~]# echo "This is DeleteFile test." > deletefile.txt[root@docking ~]# lsdeletefile.txt[root@docking ~]# cat >> deletefile.txt Add SomeLine into deletefile forfun.
打开另外一个终端查看这个文件可以清楚看到内容:
[root@docking ~]# lsdeletefile.txt[root@docking ~]# cat deletefile.txt This is DeleteFile test.Add SomeLine into deletefile forfun.
此时,删除文件rm -f deletefile.txt
[root@docking ~]# rm -f deletefile.txt [root@docking ~]# ls
命令查看这个目录,文件已经不存在了,那么现在我们将其恢复出来。lsof查看删除的文件进程是否还存在。如没有安装请自行yum install lsof或者apt-get install lsof1.类似这种情况,我们可以先lsof查看删除的文件 是否还在
[root@docking ~]# lsof | grep deletefilecat       21796          root    1w      REG              253,163138860 /root/deletefile.txt (deleted)
2.恢复cp /proc/pid/fd/1 /指定目录/文件名进入 进程目录,一般是进入/proc/pid/fd/,针对当前情况:
[root@docking ~]# cd /proc/21796/fd[root@docking fd]# ll总用量 0lrwx------ 1 root root 641月  1822:210 -> /dev/pts/0l-wx------ 1 root root 641月  1822:211 -> /root/deletefile.txt (deleted)lrwx------ 1 root root 641月  1822:212 -> /dev/pts/0恢复操作:[root@docking fd]# cp 1 ~/deletefile.txt.backup[root@docking fd]# cat ~/deletefile.txt.backup This is DeleteFile test.Add SomeLine into deletefile forfun.
3.恢复完成。
误删除的文件进程已经不存在,借助于工具还原准备一些文件目录

准备一份挂载的盘

mkdir backuptestcd backuptestmkdir deletetestmkdir deletetest/innerfolderecho"Delete a folder test." > deletetest/innerfolder/deletefile.txt echo"tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin" > tmppasswd
最后准备的目录结构如下:
taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs/backuptest$ cd ..taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$ tree backuptest/backuptest/├── deletetest│   └── innerfolder│       └── deletefile.txt└── tmppasswd
2 directories, 2 files现在开始删除该目录rm -rf backuptest/
taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$ rm -rf backuptest/taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$  ls  -l
总用量 0这种情况一般是没有守护进行或者后台进程对其持续输入,所以删除就真的删除了。lsof也看不到,故需要采用工具进行恢复。
现在开始进行误删除文件的恢复。
我们采用的工具是extundelete第三方工具。恢复步骤以及注意事项如下:
停止对当前分区做任何操作,防止inode被覆盖。inode被覆盖基本就告别恢复了。夸张一点讲,比如停止所在分区的服务,卸载目录所在的设备,有必要的情况下都可以断网。通过dd命令对 当前分区进行备份,防止第三方软件恢复失败导致数据丢失。适合数据非常重要的情况,这里是例子,所以就没有备份,如备份可以考虑如下方式:dd if=/path/filename of=/dev/vdc1通过umount命令,对当前设备分区卸载。或者fuser 命令umount /dev/vdb1如果提示设备busy,可以用fuser命令强制卸载:fuser -m -v -i -k ./下载第三方工具extundelete安装,搜索误删除的文件进行还原extundelete工具安装
extundelete下载地址:http://extundelete.sourceforge.net/wget https://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/project/extundelete/extundelete/0.2.4/extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2解压该文件tar jxvf extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2
若报这种错误
[root@docking ~]# tar jxvf extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2 tar (child): bzip2:无法 exec: 没有那个文件或目录tar (child): Error isnot recoverable: exiting nowtar: Child returned status 2tar: Error isnot recoverable: exiting now则使用yum -y install bzip2进行解决[root@docking ~]# tar jxvf extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2 extundelete-0.2.4/extundelete-0.2.4/acinclude.m4extundelete-0.2.4/missingextundelete-0.2.4/autogen.shextundelete-0.2.4/aclocal.m4extundelete-0.2.4/configureextundelete-0.2.4/LICENSEextundelete-0.2.4/README...................................................cd  extundelete-0.2.4./configure 
若这步骤报错
[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# ./configure Configuring extundelete 0.2.4configure: errorin `/root/extundelete-0.2.4':configure: error: C++ compiler cannot create executablesSee `config.log' for more details则使用yum -y install gcc-c++解决.
若执行上一步仍然报错,
[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# ./configure Configuring extundelete 0.2.4configure: error: Can't find ext2fs library则使用yum -y install e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel来解决。#Ubuntu的解决办法为sudo apt-get install e2fslibs-dev e2fslibs-dev
不出意外的话到这里应该configure能够顺利完成.
[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# ./configure Configuring extundelete 0.2.4Writing generated files to disk[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]
最后make然后 make install
[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# makemake -s all-recursiveMaking all in srcextundelete.cc: 在函数‘ext2_ino_t find_inode(ext2_filsys, ext2_filsys, ext2_inode*, std::stringint)’中:extundelete.cc:1272:29: 警告:在 {} 内将‘search_flags’从‘int’转换为较窄的类型‘ext2_ino_t {aka unsigned int}’ [-Wnarrowing]    buf, match_name2, priv, 0};                             ^[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# make installMaking install in src  /usr/bin/install -c extundelete '/usr/local/bin'extundelete安装完成.
扫描误删除的文件:
使用df -lh查看挂载:
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ df -lh文件系统        容量  已用  可用 已用% 挂载点udev            1.9G     01.9G    0% /devtmpfs           387M  1.8M  385M    1% /run/dev/sda2        92G   61G   26G   71% /tmpfs           1.9G   49M  1.9G    3% /dev/shmtmpfs           5.0M  4.0K  5.0M    1% /run/locktmpfs           1.9G     01.9G    0% /sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda3       104G   56G   44G   57% /hometmpfs           387M   40K  387M    1% /run/user/1000/dev/sda4        70G   20G   47G   30% /media/taroballs/d8423f8c-d687-4c03-a7c8-06a7fb57f96d/dev/sdb1       6.8G  4.1G  2.8G   60% /media/taroballs/taroballs/dev/sr0        4.0G  4.0G     0100% /media/taroballs/2018-01-16-12-36-00-00taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ cd /media/taroballs/taroballs/taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$ 可以看到,我们的目录/media/taroballs/taroballs挂载到/dev/sdb1 这个文件系统中.
umount我们的挂载盘比如:
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ df -lh | grep/dev/sdb1/dev/sdb1       6.8G  4.1G  2.8G   60/media/taroballs/taroballsumount这个目录taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ umount /media/taroballs/taroballstaroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ df -lh | grep/dev/sdb1taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ 

记得删除一定要后umount哦,不然二次写入谁也帮不了你呢。

通过inode节点恢复
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ mkdir recovertesttaroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ cd recovertest/taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ 
执行恢复extundelete /dev/sdb1 --inode 2
taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$ sudo extundelete /dev/sdb1 --inode 2NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.Group:0Contents of inode 2:..省略N行File name                                       | Inode number | Deleted status.                                                 2..                                                2deletetest                                        12             Deletedtmppasswd                                            14             Deleted
通过扫描发现了我们删除的文件夹,现在执行恢复操作。
(1)恢复单一文件tmppasswd
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$  extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-file passwd   NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded.Successfully restored file tmppasswd恢复文件是放到了当前目录RECOVERED_FILES。查看恢复的文件:taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ cat tmppasswd tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin
(2)恢复目录deletetest
extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-directory  deletetestNOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded.Searching for recoverable inodes in directory deletetest ... 5 recoverable inodes found.Looking through the directory structure for deleted files ... 
(3)恢复所有
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-allNOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded.Searching for recoverable inodes in directory / ... 5 recoverable inodes found.Looking through the directory structure for deleted files ... 0 recoverable inodes still lost. taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ tree backuptest/├── deletetest│   └── innerfolder│       └── deletefile.txt└── tmppasswd2 directories, 2 files
(4)恢复指定inode
taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-inode 14NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded.taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ cat file.14 tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin

注意恢复inode的时候,恢复 出来的文件名和之前不一样,需要单独进行改名。

最后附上extundelete的用法:
$ extundelete --helpUsage: extundelete [options] [--] device-fileOptions:--version, -[vV]       Print version and exit successfully.--help,                Print this help and exit successfully.--superblock           Print contents of superblock in addition to the rest.                         If no action is specified then this option is implied.--journal              Show content of journal.--after dtime          Only process entries deleted on or after 'dtime'.--before dtime         Only process entries deleted before 'dtime'.Actions:--inode ino            Show info on inode 'ino'.--block blk            Show info on block 'blk'.--restore-inode ino[,ino,...]Restore the file(s) with known inode number'ino'.                         The restored files are created in ./RECOVERED_FILESwith their inode numberas extension (ie, file.12345).--restore-file 'path'  Will restore file 'path'. 'path' is relative to rootof the partitionand does notstartwith a '/'                         The restored fileis created in the currentdirectoryas'RECOVERED_FILES/path'.--restore-files 'path' Will restore files which are listed in the file 'path'.Each filename should be in the same formatas an optionto--restore-file, and there should be one per line.--restore-directory 'path'                         Will restoredirectory'path''path'isrelativeto the                         root directoryof the file system.  The restoreddirectoryis created in the outputdirectoryas'path'.--restore-all          Attempts to restore everything.  -j journal             Reads an external journal from the named file.  -b blocknumber         Uses the backup superblock at blocknumber when opening                         the file system.  -B blocksize           Uses blocksizeas the blocksizewhen opening the file                         system.  The number should be the numberof bytes.--log 0                Make the program silent.--log filename         Logs all messages to filename.--log D1=0,D2=filename   Custom control of log messages with comma-separated   Examples below:       listof options.  Dn must be one of info, warn, or--log info,error      error.  Omission of the '=name' results in messages--log warn=0          with the specified level to be logged to the console.--log error=filename  If the parameter is '=0', logging for the specifiedlevel will be turned off.  If the parameter is'=filename', messages with that level will be writtento filename.   -o directorySave the recovered files to the named directory.                         The restored files are created in a directory                         named 'RECOVERED_FILES/'by default.
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000480s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000856s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000321s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000249s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000568s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000213s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000628s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 479928 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000508s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1774583018 WHERE `id` = 479928 [ RunTime:0.002205s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 67 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000252s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 479928 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000534s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 479928 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000571s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 479928 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.001699s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 479928 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.003840s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 479928 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.007185s ]
0.088388s