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Linux KVM 切换到Guest运行

  • 2026-03-14 15:48:51
Linux KVM 切换到Guest运行
KVM框架下,设置了VM的VCPU和Memory,要让一个VCPU运行Guest的程序,需要针对VCPU做一些设置,包括:
  • Map内核态的kvm_run数据结构到用户空间,用于数据交换
  • 设置VCPU开始运行的代码地址到变量vcpu->arch.ctx.regs.pc
随后就可以调用ioctl KVM_RUN切换到VCPU的程序执行,这个ioctl的返回表示Guest在运行过程发生了一些需要Host接管的操作,具体原因可以在exit_reason中检查。
其中mmap和ioctl KVM_SET_ONE_REG代码比较简单:
KVM_RUN是非常复杂的,只能看个大概吧。
Guest的执行是通过在KVM里面构造Guest的环境,然后通过eret返回切换过去的。Guest开始执行的地址记录到了regs.pc,那么PC是ARM的一个寄存器?手册有如下信息:
  • The Program Counter (PC) is not a general-purpose register in A64, and it cannot be used with data processing instructions. 

  • X30 is used as the Link Register and can be referred to as LR. 

  • ELR_EL2:  Exception Link Register (EL2), When taking an exception to EL2, holds the address to return to.

  • SPSR_EL2: Saved Program Status Register; Saves the state (PSTATE) when an exception is taken, and restores it on ERET.

所以在ARM上面,PC是普通意义上的Program Count而不是一个寄存器。在eret返回时候,要执行的代码地址是放在ELR_ELx寄存器,所以在KVM_RUN的过程中,要把regs.pc设置到ELR_EL2中。

这个发生在函数__sysreg_restore_el2_return_state:

static inline void __sysreg_restore_el2_return_state(struct kvm_cpu_context *ctxt){    u64 pstate = to_hw_pstate(ctxt);   // 将 vEL2 模式(EL2t/EL2h)翻译为 EL1t/EL1h    u64 mode   = pstate & PSR_AA32_MODE_MASK;    ...    write_sysreg_el2(ctxt->regs.pc, SYS_ELR);   // 写 ELR_EL2 = guest PC    write_sysreg_el2(pstate,        SYS_SPSR);   // 写 SPSR_EL2 = guest PSTATE    ...}
通过eret返回到Guest的过程发生在__guest_enter:
SYM_FUNC_START(__guest_enter)    // x0: vcpu(唯一传入参数)    // x1-x17: 被内部宏破坏(clobbered)    // x29: 在阶段三后指向 guest context(vcpu->arch.ctxt)    /*     * 阶段一:保存 hyp callee-saved 寄存器 + sp_el0 到 kvm_hyp_ctxt     *     * adr_this_cpu 将 per-CPU 变量 kvm_hyp_ctxt 的地址写入 x1。     * save_callee_saved_regs 宏将 x19-x29, lr 存入 [x1]。     * save_sp_el0 宏将 sp_el0 存入 [x1 + CPU_SP_EL0_OFFSET]。     *     * 完成后 kvm_hyp_ctxt 中保存了完整的 hyp 调用者状态,     * __guest_exit 可以用它来恢复 hyp 现场。     */    adr_this_cpu x1, kvm_hyp_ctxt, x2    save_callee_saved_regs x1          // 保存 hyp x19-x29, lr    save_sp_el0 x1, x2                 // 保存 hyp sp_el0    /*     * 阶段二:检查是否有挂起的 SError(RAS 扩展感知)     *     * 如果存在挂起的异步异常(SError),此时 hyp 状态已安全保存,     * 但该异常必定来自 host/hyp,而非 guest。     * 为避免将 host SError 误归为 guest 错误,在进入 guest 前提前检测。     *     * ARM64_HAS_RAS_EXTN(v8.2+ RAS 扩展)路径:     *   dsb nshst  — 确保前序存储完成(保证 ISR 读到最新状态)     *   isb        — 上下文同步     * 否则:两条指令替换为 nop(SError 若发生会直接 fatal,无需检测)     *     * mrs x1, isr_el1  — 读取中断状态寄存器     * cbz x1, 1f       — 无挂起异常则跳过,继续进入 guest     *     * 若有挂起异常:     *   isb        — 提供 CSE(Context Synchronization Event),     *               确保调用者不需要额外的 isb 来同步 ERET 效果     *   mov x0, #ARM_EXCEPTION_IRQ     *   ret        — 以 ARM_EXCEPTION_IRQ 提前返回,不进入 guest     */alternative_if ARM64_HAS_RAS_EXTN    dsb nshst    isbalternative_else_nop_endif    mrs x1, isr_el1    cbz x1, 1f    isb    mov x0, #ARM_EXCEPTION_IRQ    ret1:    /*     * 阶段三:标记当前 loaded vcpu,切换 MTE 和 PtrAuth 上下文     *     * set_loaded_vcpu x0, x1, x2     *   将 vcpu 指针写入 per-CPU 变量 kvm_hyp_running_vcpu,     *   供 __guest_exit 时通过 get_loaded_vcpu 读回。     *     * add x29, x0, #VCPU_CONTEXT     *   x29 = &vcpu->arch.ctxt,作为 guest context 基地址,     *   后续所有寄存器存取均以 x29 为基准。     *     * mte_switch_to_guest x29, x1, x2     *   若启用了 MTE(内存标签扩展),将 guest 的 GCR_EL1/TFSRE0_EL1     *   等寄存器切换为 guest 值。     *     * ptrauth_switch_to_guest x29, x0, x1, x2     *   若启用了 PtrAuth(指针认证),恢复 guest 的 APIAKey/APIBKey 等密钥。     *   注释中说明:该宏不用 C 实现,因为在 PtrAuth 对内核代码启用时,     *   C 代码中的密钥切换会导致签名验证失败(mismatch)。     */    set_loaded_vcpu x0, x1, x2    add x29, x0, #VCPU_CONTEXT    mte_switch_to_guest x29, x1, x2    ptrauth_switch_to_guest x29, x0, x1, x2    /*     * 阶段四:恢复 guest 通用寄存器     *     * restore_sp_el0 x29, x0     *   从 [x29 + CPU_SP_EL0_OFFSET] 恢复 guest 的 sp_el0。     *     * ldp x0-x17:从 vcpu->arch.ctxt.regs.regs[0..17] 批量恢复     *   每条 ldp 加载两个相邻寄存器,共 9 条 ldp 覆盖 x0-x17。     *   注意 x29 在此时仍有效(尚未被 ldp 覆盖),     *   x0/x1 最后加载以避免提前破坏 x29 的基地址作用。     *     * restore_callee_saved_regs x29     *   恢复 x18-x29 和 lr(即 x30)。     *   执行完此宏后,x29 本身也被 guest 值覆盖,     *   不能再用它访问 context。     */    restore_sp_el0 x29, x0    ldp x0,  x1,  [x29, #CPU_XREG_OFFSET(0)]    ldp x2,  x3,  [x29, #CPU_XREG_OFFSET(2)]    ldp x4,  x5,  [x29, #CPU_XREG_OFFSET(4)]    ldp x6,  x7,  [x29, #CPU_XREG_OFFSET(6)]    ldp x8,  x9,  [x29, #CPU_XREG_OFFSET(8)]    ldp x10, x11, [x29, #CPU_XREG_OFFSET(10)]    ldp x12, x13, [x29, #CPU_XREG_OFFSET(12)]    ldp x14, x15, [x29, #CPU_XREG_OFFSET(14)]    ldp x16, x17, [x29, #CPU_XREG_OFFSET(16)]    restore_callee_saved_regs x29   // 恢复 guest x18-x29, lr;x29 从此是 guest 值    /*     * 阶段五:ERET 进入 guest     *     * eret:根据 SPSR_EL2 / ELR_EL2(由 vcpu_load_el1_state 等预先写入)     *        切换到 guest 的 EL1/EL0,恢复 PC 和 PSTATE。     * sb:  推测屏障(Speculation Barrier),防止 ERET 后的推测执行     *       越过异常级别边界访问敏感状态(Spectre-v2 缓解)。     *     * "Do not touch any register after this!" —— 源码注释     */    eret    sb

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000867s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001327s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000695s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000268s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000483s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000210s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000519s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 477811 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000437s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1774625814 WHERE `id` = 477811 [ RunTime:0.010955s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 67 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000269s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 477811 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000459s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 477811 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000865s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 477811 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.000859s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 477811 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.000937s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 477811 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.005558s ]
0.181188s