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13_Python数据分析:图表可视化

  • 2026-04-17 21:05:33
13_Python数据分析:图表可视化

Python数据分析:图表可视化

1. 核心知识点概述

Pandas基于matplotlib提供了便捷的绘图功能,通过plot()方法可以快速创建各种图表:

  • plot()
    : 基础绘图方法,支持多种图表类型。
  • 图表类型
    : 折线图、柱状图、散点图、饼图、直方图、箱线图等。
  • 样式设置
    : 颜色、标记、线条样式、图例、标题等。
  • 子图
    : 使用subplots创建多图布局。

关键参数说明

  • kind
    : 图表类型,'line''bar''scatter''pie''hist''box'等。
  • figsize
    : 图大小,格式为(宽, 高)
  • title
    : 图表标题。
  • xlabel
    /ylabel: 坐标轴标签。
  • color
    : 颜色设置。
  • grid
    : 是否显示网格线。

2. 示例代码

2.1 准备数据

In [1]:

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 设置中文字体(如果需要显示中文)
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei', 'DejaVu Sans']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
# 创建时间序列数据
dates = pd.date_range('2024-01-01', periods=30, freq='D')
np.random.seed(42)
df_ts = pd.DataFrame({
    'date': dates,
    'sales': np.random.randint(100, 500, 30),
    'profit': np.random.randint(20, 100, 30),
    'customers': np.random.randint(50, 200, 30)
})
df_ts.set_index('date', inplace=True)
# 创建分类数据
df_cat = pd.DataFrame({
    'product': ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'],
    'sales': [350, 280, 420, 190, 310],
    'profit': [80, 65, 95, 45, 75]
})
print("时间序列数据:")
print(df_ts.head(10))
print("\n分类数据:")
print(df_cat)
时间序列数据:
            sales  profit  customers
date                                
2024-01-01    202      68         84
2024-01-02    448      78        130
2024-01-03    370      61         99
2024-01-04    206      79        153
2024-01-05    171      99        181
2024-01-06    288      34         51
2024-01-07    120      81        183
2024-01-08    202      81        103
2024-01-09    221      66        155
2024-01-10    314      81         53
分类数据:
  product  sales  profit
0       A    350      80
1       B    280      65
2       C    420      95
3       D    190      45
4       E    310      75

2.2 折线图 (Line Plot)

展示数据随时间变化的趋势。

In [2]:

# 基础折线图
df_ts['sales'].plot(figsize=(10, 5), title='Daily Sales Trend')
plt.xlabel('Date')
plt.ylabel('Sales')
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
# 多列折线图
df_ts.plot(figsize=(10, 5), title='Sales, Profit & Customers Trend')
plt.xlabel('Date')
plt.ylabel('Value')
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.show()
# 自定义样式
ax = df_ts['sales'].plot(figsize=(10, 5), color='blue', linestyle='-', marker='o', markersize=4)
df_ts['profit'].plot(ax=ax, color='red', linestyle='--', marker='s', markersize=4)
plt.title('Sales vs Profit', fontsize=14)
plt.xlabel('Date')
plt.ylabel('Amount')
plt.legend(['Sales', 'Profit'])
plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.show()

2.3 柱状图 (Bar Plot)

比较不同类别的数值大小。

In [3]:

# 垂直柱状图
df_cat.plot(x='product', y='sales', kind='bar', figsize=(8, 5), color='skyblue', title='Sales by Product')
plt.xlabel('Product')
plt.ylabel('Sales')
plt.xticks(rotation=0)
plt.show()
# 水平柱状图
df_cat.plot(x='product', y='sales', kind='barh', figsize=(8, 5), color='lightcoral', title='Sales by Product (Horizontal)')
plt.xlabel('Sales')
plt.ylabel('Product')
plt.show()
# 分组柱状图
df_cat.plot(x='product', y=['sales', 'profit'], kind='bar', figsize=(8, 5), title='Sales vs Profit by Product')
plt.xlabel('Product')
plt.ylabel('Amount')
plt.xticks(rotation=0)
plt.legend(['Sales', 'Profit'])
plt.show()
# 堆叠柱状图
df_cat.plot(x='product', y=['sales', 'profit'], kind='bar', stacked=True, figsize=(8, 5), title='Stacked Sales & Profit')
plt.xlabel('Product')
plt.ylabel('Amount')
plt.xticks(rotation=0)
plt.show()

2.4 散点图 (Scatter Plot)

展示两个变量之间的关系。

In [4]:

# 基础散点图
df_cat.plot(x='sales', y='profit', kind='scatter', figsize=(8, 6), s=100, color='green', title='Sales vs Profit Relationship')
plt.xlabel('Sales')
plt.ylabel('Profit')
plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.show()
# 带标签的散点图
ax = df_cat.plot(x='sales', y='profit', kind='scatter', figsize=(8, 6), s=150, c='purple', alpha=0.6)
for i, txt in enumerate(df_cat['product']):
    ax.annotate(txt, (df_cat['sales'].iloc[i], df_cat['profit'].iloc[i]), xytext=(5, 5), textcoords='offset points')
plt.title('Sales vs Profit by Product')
plt.xlabel('Sales')
plt.ylabel('Profit')
plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.show()
# 气泡图(大小表示第三个变量)
df_bubble = df_cat.copy()
df_bubble['efficiency'] = df_bubble['profit'] / df_bubble['sales'] * 100
df_bubble.plot(x='sales', y='profit', kind='scatter', s=df_bubble['efficiency']*20, figsize=(8, 6), alpha=0.5, color='orange')
plt.title('Sales vs Profit (Bubble size = Efficiency %)')
plt.xlabel('Sales')
plt.ylabel('Profit')
plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.show()

2.5 饼图 (Pie Chart)

展示各部分占整体的比例。

In [5]:

# 基础饼图
df_cat.set_index('product')['sales'].plot(kind='pie', figsize=(8, 8), autopct='%1.1f%%', title='Sales Distribution by Product')
plt.ylabel('')  # 隐藏y轴标签
plt.show()
# 带爆炸效果的饼图
explode = (0.05, 0, 0.1, 0, 0)  # 突出显示第1和第3个扇形
colors = ['#ff9999', '#66b3ff', '#99ff99', '#ffcc99', '#ff99cc']
df_cat.set_index('product')['sales'].plot(kind='pie', figsize=(8, 8), autopct='%1.1f%%', explode=explode, colors=colors, shadow=True, title='Sales Distribution (Exploded)')
plt.ylabel('')
plt.show()
# 子饼图(显示sales和profit)
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(14, 6))
df_cat.set_index('product')['sales'].plot(kind='pie', ax=axes[0], autopct='%1.1f%%', title='Sales Distribution')
axes[0].set_ylabel('')
df_cat.set_index('product')['profit'].plot(kind='pie', ax=axes[1], autopct='%1.1f%%', title='Profit Distribution')
axes[1].set_ylabel('')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

2.6 直方图 (Histogram)

展示数据的分布情况。

In [6]:

# 基础直方图
df_ts['sales'].plot(kind='hist', bins=10, figsize=(8, 5), color='steelblue', alpha=0.7, edgecolor='black')
plt.title('Sales Distribution')
plt.xlabel('Sales')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.show()
# 多列直方图
df_ts[['sales', 'profit']].plot(kind='hist', bins=15, figsize=(8, 5), alpha=0.6, edgecolor='black')
plt.title('Sales & Profit Distribution')
plt.xlabel('Value')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.legend(['Sales', 'Profit'])
plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.show()
# 密度图(KDE)
df_ts['sales'].plot(kind='kde', figsize=(8, 5), color='red', linewidth=2)
plt.title('Sales Density Distribution')
plt.xlabel('Sales')
plt.ylabel('Density')
plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.show()
# 直方图 + 密度图
ax = df_ts['sales'].plot(kind='hist', bins=15, figsize=(8, 5), density=True, alpha=0.6, color='skyblue', edgecolor='black')
df_ts['sales'].plot(kind='kde', ax=ax, color='red', linewidth=2)
plt.title('Sales Distribution with Density')
plt.xlabel('Sales')
plt.ylabel('Density')
plt.legend(['Density', 'Histogram'])
plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.show()

2.7 箱线图 (Box Plot)

展示数据的统计分布,包括中位数、四分位数和异常值。

In [7]:

# 基础箱线图
df_ts.plot(kind='box', figsize=(8, 6), title='Box Plot of Sales, Profit & Customers')
plt.ylabel('Value')
plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.show()
# 水平箱线图
df_ts.plot(kind='box', vert=False, figsize=(10, 5), title='Horizontal Box Plot')
plt.xlabel('Value')
plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.show()
# 分组箱线图
# 创建分组数据
df_grouped = pd.DataFrame({
    'Group A': np.random.normal(100, 15, 100),
    'Group B': np.random.normal(120, 20, 100),
    'Group C': np.random.normal(90, 10, 100)
})
df_grouped.plot(kind='box', figsize=(8, 6), title='Comparison of Three Groups')
plt.ylabel('Value')
plt.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.show()

2.8 面积图 (Area Plot)

展示累积趋势或部分与整体的关系。

In [8]:

# 基础面积图
df_ts[['sales', 'profit']].plot(kind='area', figsize=(10, 5), alpha=0.5, title='Sales & Profit Area Chart')
plt.xlabel('Date')
plt.ylabel('Amount')
plt.legend(loc='upper left')
plt.show()
# 堆叠面积图
df_area = df_ts[['sales', 'profit', 'customers']].head(10).copy()
df_area.plot(kind='area', stacked=True, figsize=(10, 5), alpha=0.7, title='Stacked Area Chart')
plt.xlabel('Date')
plt.ylabel('Value')
plt.legend(loc='upper left')
plt.show()
# 非堆叠面积图
df_area.plot(kind='area', stacked=False, figsize=(10, 5), alpha=0.5, title='Unstacked Area Chart')
plt.xlabel('Date')
plt.ylabel('Value')
plt.legend(loc='upper left')
plt.show()

2.9 多子图布局

在一个画布上创建多个子图。

In [9]:

# 2x2子图布局
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(14, 10))
# 子图1: 折线图
df_ts['sales'].plot(ax=axes[0, 0], title='Sales Trend', color='blue')
axes[0, 0].set_xlabel('Date')
axes[0, 0].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
# 子图2: 柱状图
df_cat.plot(x='product', y='sales', kind='bar', ax=axes[0, 1], color='green', legend=False)
axes[0, 1].set_title('Sales by Product')
axes[0, 1].set_xlabel('Product')
axes[0, 1].tick_params(axis='x', rotation=0)
# 子图3: 散点图
df_cat.plot(x='sales', y='profit', kind='scatter', ax=axes[1, 0], s=100, color='red')
axes[1, 0].set_title('Sales vs Profit')
axes[1, 0].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
# 子图4: 直方图
df_ts['sales'].plot(kind='hist', ax=axes[1, 1], bins=10, color='purple', alpha=0.7, edgecolor='black')
axes[1, 1].set_title('Sales Distribution')
axes[1, 1].set_xlabel('Sales')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

2.10 样式美化

使用样式表美化图表。

In [10]:

# 查看可用样式
print("可用样式:")
print(plt.style.available[:10])  # 只显示前10个
# 使用ggplot样式
plt.style.use('ggplot')
df_ts['sales'].plot(figsize=(10, 5), title='Sales with ggplot Style')
plt.xlabel('Date')
plt.ylabel('Sales')
plt.show()
# 使用seaborn样式
plt.style.use('seaborn-v0_8')
df_cat.plot(x='product', y=['sales', 'profit'], kind='bar', figsize=(8, 5), title='Sales & Profit with Seaborn Style')
plt.xlabel('Product')
plt.ylabel('Amount')
plt.xticks(rotation=0)
plt.show()
# 恢复默认样式
plt.style.use('default')
可用样式:
['Solarize_Light2', '_classic_test_patch', '_mpl-gallery', '_mpl-gallery-nogrid', 'bmh', 'classic', 'dark_background', 'fast', 'fivethirtyeight', 'ggplot']

3. 常见应用场景总结

  1. 趋势分析
    :使用折线图展示时间序列数据的趋势变化。
  2. 对比分析
    :使用柱状图比较不同类别的数值大小。
  3. 相关性分析
    :使用散点图探索两个变量之间的关系。
  4. 占比分析
    :使用饼图展示各部分占总体的比例。
  5. 分布分析
    :使用直方图和箱线图了解数据的分布特征。
  6. 累积趋势
    :使用面积图展示累积效果或部分与整体的关系。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000651s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000823s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000325s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000277s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000513s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000219s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000664s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 484716 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.003653s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1776674488 WHERE `id` = 484716 [ RunTime:0.006919s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 66 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000873s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 484716 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000516s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 484716 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000499s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 484716 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.006309s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 484716 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.002741s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 484716 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.009266s ]
0.127331s