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Python 实现循环的最快方式(for、while 等速度对比)

  • 2026-07-02 16:53:00
Python 实现循环的最快方式(for、while 等速度对比)
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来源:网络

作者:StarryLand

源:https://www.starky.ltd/2021/11/23/the-fastest-way-to-loop-in-python

众所周知,Python 不是一种执行效率较高的语言。此外在任何语言中,循环都是一种非常消耗时间的操作。假如任意一种简单的单步操作耗费的时间为 1 个单位,将此操作重复执行上万次,最终耗费的时间也将增长上万倍。

while 和 for 是 Python 中常用的两种实现循环的关键字,它们的运行效率实际上是有差距的。比如下面的测试代码:

import timeit


defwhile_loop(n=100_000_000):
    i = 0
    s = 0
while i < n:
        s += i
        i += 1
return s


deffor_loop(n=100_000_000):
    s = 0
for i in range(n):
        s += i
return s


defmain():
    print('while loop\t\t', timeit.timeit(while_loop, number=1))
    print('for loop\t\t', timeit.timeit(for_loop, number=1))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
# => while loop               4.718853999860585
# => for loop                 3.211570399813354

这是一个简单的求和操作,计算从 1 到 n 之间所有自然数的总和。可以看到 for 循环相比 while 要快 1.5 秒。

其中的差距主要在于两者的机制不同。

在每次循环中,while 实际上比 for 多执行了两步操作:边界检查和变量 i 的自增。即每进行一次循环,while 都会做一次边界检查 (while i < n)和自增计算(i +=1)。这两步操作都是显式的纯 Python 代码。

for 循环不需要执行边界检查和自增操作,没有增加显式的 Python 代码(纯 Python 代码效率低于底层的 C 代码)。当循环的次数足够多,就出现了明显的效率差距。

可以再增加两个函数,在 for 循环中加上不必要的边界检查和自增计算:

import timeit


defwhile_loop(n=100_000_000):
    i = 0
    s = 0
while i < n:
        s += i
        i += 1
return s


deffor_loop(n=100_000_000):
    s = 0
for i in range(n):
        s += i
return s


deffor_loop_with_inc(n=100_000_000):
    s = 0
for i in range(n):
        s += i
        i += 1
return s


deffor_loop_with_test(n=100_000_000):
    s = 0
for i in range(n):
if i < n:
pass
        s += i
return s


defmain():
    print('while loop\t\t', timeit.timeit(while_loop, number=1))
    print('for loop\t\t', timeit.timeit(for_loop, number=1))
    print('for loop with increment\t\t',
          timeit.timeit(for_loop_with_inc, number=1))
    print('for loop with test\t\t', timeit.timeit(for_loop_with_test, number=1))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
# => while loop               4.718853999860585
# => for loop                 3.211570399813354
# => for loop with increment          4.602369500091299
# => for loop with test               4.18337869993411

可以看出,增加的边界检查和自增操作确实大大影响了 for 循环的执行效率。

前面提到过,Python 底层的解释器和内置函数是用 C 语言实现的。而 C 语言的执行效率远大于 Python。

对于上面的求等差数列之和的操作,借助于 Python 内置的 sum 函数,可以获得远大于 for 或 while 循环的执行效率。

import timeit


defwhile_loop(n=100_000_000):
    i = 0
    s = 0
while i < n:
        s += i
        i += 1
return s


deffor_loop(n=100_000_000):
    s = 0
for i in range(n):
        s += i
return s


defsum_range(n=100_000_000):
return sum(range(n))


defmain():
    print('while loop\t\t', timeit.timeit(while_loop, number=1))
    print('for loop\t\t', timeit.timeit(for_loop, number=1))
    print('sum range\t\t', timeit.timeit(sum_range, number=1))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
# => while loop               4.718853999860585
# => for loop                 3.211570399813354
# => sum range                0.8658821999561042

可以看到,使用内置函数 sum 替代循环之后,代码的执行效率实现了成倍的增长。

内置函数 sum 的累加操作实际上也是一种循环,但它由 C 语言实现,而 for 循环中的求和操作是由纯 Python 代码 s += i 实现的。C > Python。

再拓展一下思维。小时候都听说过童年高斯巧妙地计算 1 到 100 之和的故事。1…100 之和等于 (1 + 100) * 50。这个计算方法同样可以应用到上面的求和操作中。

import timeit


defwhile_loop(n=100_000_000):
    i = 0
    s = 0
while i < n:
        s += i
        i += 1
return s


deffor_loop(n=100_000_000):
    s = 0
for i in range(n):
        s += i
return s


defsum_range(n=100_000_000):
return sum(range(n))


defmath_sum(n=100_000_000):
return (n * (n - 1)) // 2


defmain():
    print('while loop\t\t', timeit.timeit(while_loop, number=1))
    print('for loop\t\t', timeit.timeit(for_loop, number=1))
    print('sum range\t\t', timeit.timeit(sum_range, number=1))
    print('math sum\t\t', timeit.timeit(math_sum, number=1))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
# => while loop               4.718853999860585
# => for loop                 3.211570399813354
# => sum range                0.8658821999561042
# => math sum                 2.400018274784088e-06

最终 math sum 的执行时间约为 2.4e-6,缩短了上百万倍。这里的思路就是,既然循环的效率低,一段代码要重复执行上亿次。

索性直接不要循环,通过数学公式,把上亿次的循环操作变成只有一步操作。效率自然得到了空前的加强。

最后的结论(有点谜语人):

实现循环的最快方式——————就是不用循环

对于 Python 而言,则尽可能地使用内置函数,将循环中的纯 Python 代码降到最低。

参考资料

The Fastest Way to Loop in Python - mCoding  (https://youtu.be/Qgevy75co8c)
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000621s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000853s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000378s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000277s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000528s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000204s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000503s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 495968 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000462s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1783026580 WHERE `id` = 495968 [ RunTime:0.024246s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 66 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000455s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 495968 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000738s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 495968 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000470s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 495968 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.000776s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 495968 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.003611s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 495968 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.001790s ]
0.106884s