uptime：查看系统负载
pi@pi:~$ # 查看系统最开始运行的时间
pi@pi:~$ uptime-s
2026-02-0615:02:40
pi@pi:~$ # 查看系统已经运行多长时间
pi@pi:~$ # load average显示系统1分钟，5分钟以及15分钟的负载情况
pi@pi:~$ uptime-p
up 17 weeks, 2 days, 20 hours, 34 minutes
11:38:28 up 121 days, 20:35, 6 users, load average: 0.20, 0.20, 0.25
free：查看系统内存
pi@pi:~$ free
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 159719561022445228467247093634781245747504
Swap: 524284523796488
pi@pi:~$ free-h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 15Gi 9.8Gi 2.7Gi 69Mi 3.3Gi 5.5Gi
Swap: 511Mi 511Mi 488Ki
pi@pi:~$ # 实时查看内存情况
pi@pi:~$ free-h-s3
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 15Gi 9.8Gi 2.7Gi 69Mi 3.3Gi 5.5Gi
Swap: 511Mi 511Mi 488Ki
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 15Gi 9.8Gi 2.7Gi 69Mi 3.3Gi 5.5Gi
Swap: 511Mi 511Mi 488Ki
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 15Gi 9.8Gi 2.7Gi 69Mi 3.3Gi 5.5Gi
Swap: 511Mi 511Mi 488Ki
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 15Gi 9.8Gi 2.7Gi 69Mi 3.3Gi 5.5Gi
Swap: 511Mi 511Mi 488Ki
^C
pi@pi:~$
vmstat：查看内存和CPU剩余情况
pi@pi:~$ vmstat12
procs -----------memory-------------swap-------io-----system---------cpu-------
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st gu
10523796284106834594031322600091690447192000
00523796284106834594031323000000111518031198000
pi@pi:~$ # 查看详细信息
pi@pi:~$ vmstat-s
15971956 K total memory
10229980 K used memory
3815032 K active memory
8259784 K inactive memory
2841068 K free memory
345956 K buffer memory
3132300 K swap cache
524284 K total swap
523796 K used swap
488 K free swap
276434029 non-nice user cpu ticks
16641 nice user cpu ticks
36964302 system cpu ticks
3863004481 idle cpu ticks
3396894 IO-wait cpu ticks
0 IRQ cpu ticks
568772 softirq cpu ticks
0 stolen cpu ticks
0 non-nice guest cpu ticks
0 nice guest cpu ticks
101692334 K paged in
178849063 K paged out
37731 pages swapped in
241062 pages swapped out
9526085366 interrupts
17607492843 CPU context switches
1770361360 boot time
12716065 forks
pi@pi:~$
mpstat：实时查看内存及CPU信息
pi@pi:~$ mpstat
Linux 6.14.0-27-generic (pi) 2026年06月08日 _x86_64_ (4 CPU)
11时42分37秒 CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle
11时42分37秒 all 6.61 0.00 0.88 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 92.41
pi@pi:~$
pi@pi:~$
pidstat：查看进程的CPU等系统资源的占用情况
pi@pi:~$ pidstat
Linux 6.14.0-27-generic (pi) 2026年06月08日 _x86_64_ (4 CPU)
11时44分20秒 UID PID %usr %system %guest %wait %CPU CPU Command
11时44分20秒 010.03 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.05 1 systemd
11时44分20秒 020.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 kthreadd
11时44分20秒 0170.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 ksoftirqd/0
11时44分20秒 0180.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0 rcu_preempt
11时44分20秒 0200.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 rcu_exp_gp_kthread_worker
11时44分20秒 0210.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 migration/0
11时44分20秒 0260.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 migration/1
11时44分20秒 0270.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 ksoftirqd/1
# 查看进程内存使用情况
pi@pi:~$ pidstat-r
# 查看进程CPU使用情况
pi@pi:~$ pidstat-u
df：查看系统磁盘剩余空间
pi@pi:~$ df-h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
tmpfs 1.6G 4.2M 1.6G 1% /run
/dev/nvme0n1p2 469G 148G 298G 34% /
tmpfs 7.7G 48K 7.7G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 8.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
efivarfs 192K 121K 67K 65% /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
tmpfs 7.7G 37M 7.6G 1% /tmp
/dev/nvme0n1p1 300M 7.8M 292M 3% /boot/efi
tmpfs 1.6G 100K 1.6G 1% /run/user/120
tmpfs 1.6G 156K 1.6G 1% /run/user/1000
pi@pi:~$ # 显示磁盘类型
pi@pi:~$ df-Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
tmpfs tmpfs 1.6G 4.2M 1.6G 1% /run
/dev/nvme0n1p2 ext4 469G 148G 298G 34% /
tmpfs tmpfs 7.7G 48K 7.7G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 5.0M 8.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
efivarfs efivarfs 192K 121K 67K 65% /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
tmpfs tmpfs 7.7G 37M 7.6G 1% /tmp
/dev/nvme0n1p1 vfat 300M 7.8M 292M 3% /boot/efi
tmpfs tmpfs 1.6G 100K 1.6G 1% /run/user/120
tmpfs tmpfs 1.6G 156K 1.6G 1% /run/user/1000
pi@pi:~$
netstat：查看系统网络详情
pi@pi:~$ netstat
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0216 pi:ssh 172.21.56.5:10541 ESTABLISHED
tcp 00 pi:56766 172.21.1.200:8090 ESTABLISHED
tcp 00 pi:ssh 10.40.3.55:38676 ESTABLISHED
Active UNIX domain sockets (w/o servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 13348439 @/tmp/.X11-unix/X10
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 13348246
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 19270
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 20101
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 19917 /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 82645365 /run/user/1000/gvfsd/socket-5yMbuCa6
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 13349325
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 24292
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 18723
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 13346802
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 13346731
# 每隔1秒输出网络信息
pi@pi:~$ netstat-t-c2
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 00 pi:57824 172.21.1.200:8090 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0216 pi:ssh 172.21.56.5:10541 ESTABLISHED
tcp 00 pi:ssh 10.40.3.55:38676 ESTABLISHED
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 00 pi:57824 172.21.1.200:8090 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0164 pi:ssh 172.21.56.5:10541 ESTABLISHED
tcp 00 pi:ssh 10.40.3.55:38676 ESTABLISHED
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 00 pi:57824 172.21.1.200:8090 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0164 pi:ssh 172.21.56.5:10541 ESTABLISHED
tcp 00 pi:ssh 10.40.3.55:38676 ESTABLISHED
^C
pi@pi:~$
pi@pi:~$ netstat-anptu
(Not all processes could be identified, non-owned process info
will not be shown, you would have to be root to see it all.)
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 00127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 00127.0.0.53:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 000.0.0.0:34003 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2986113/python3.8
tcp 00127.0.0.1:43335 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3949418/code-8761a5
tcp 000.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 000.0.0.0:8370 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 000.0.0.0:8371 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 00127.0.0.54:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 00127.0.0.1:38831 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 000.0.0.0:46259 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2226348/python3.8
tcp 0010.40.3.223:57824 172.21.1.200:8090 ESTABLISHED -
tcp 032410.40.3.223:22 172.21.56.5:10541 ESTABLISHED -
tcp 0010.40.3.223:22 10.40.3.55:38676 ESTABLISHED -
tcp6 00 :::3389 :::* LISTEN -
tcp6 00 :::22 :::* LISTEN -
tcp6 00 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN -
tcp6 00 :::5201 :::* LISTEN -
tcp6 00 ::1:3350 :::* LISTEN -
udp 000.0.0.0:1701 0.0.0.0:* -
udp 000.0.0.0:5353 0.0.0.0:* -
udp 000.0.0.0:47748 0.0.0.0:* -
udp 00127.0.0.54:53 0.0.0.0:* -
udp 00127.0.0.53:53 0.0.0.0:* -
udp6 00 :::5353 :::* -
udp6 00 :::55323 :::* -
pi@pi:~$ # 查看TCP端口情况
pi@pi:~$ netstat-at
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 00 localhost:ipp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 00 _localdnsstub:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 000.0.0.0:34003 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 00 localhost:43335 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 000.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 000.0.0.0:8370 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 000.0.0.0:8371 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 00 _localdnsproxy:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 00 localhost:38831 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 000.0.0.0:46259 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 00 pi:57824 172.21.1.200:8090 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0232 pi:ssh 172.21.56.5:10541 ESTABLISHED
tcp 00 pi:ssh 10.40.3.55:38676 ESTABLISHED
tcp6 00 [::]:ms-wbt-server [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 00 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 00 ip6-localhost:ipp [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 00 [::]:5201 [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 00 ip6-localhost:3350 [::]:* LISTEN
du：查看目录的磁盘使用情况
# 查看Downloads目录的磁盘占用情况
pi@pi:~$ du-sh ./Downloads/
127G ./Downloads/
pi@pi:~$
# 查看Downloads目录下所有子目录的磁盘占用情况
pi@pi:~$ du-sh ./Downloads/*
4.0K ./Downloads/after_bootloader_context.conf
481M ./Downloads/android-sdk-linux
384K ./Downloads/apksigner.jar
53G ./Downloads/bruce
34G ./Downloads/bruce.tar
lsblk：树状形式列出块设备信息
pi@pi:~$ lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
loop0 7:0 0 4K 1 loop /snap/bare/5
loop1 7:1 048.4M 1 loop /snap/snapd/26382
loop2 7:2 049.3M 1 loop /snap/snapd/26865
loop3 7:3 0248.6M 1 loop /snap/firefox/8417
loop4 7:4 0248.5M 1 loop /snap/firefox/8387
loop5 7:5 0 580K 1 loop /snap/snapd-desktop-integration/361
loop6 7:6 0227.7M 1 loop /snap/thunderbird/1117
loop7 7:7 0 580K 1 loop /snap/snapd-desktop-integration/357
loop8 7:8 0 74M 1 loop /snap/core22/2339
loop9 7:9 015.7M 1 loop /snap/snap-store/1367
loop10 7:10 066.8M 1 loop /snap/core24/1587
loop11 7:11 016.5M 1 loop /snap/firmware-updater/226
loop12 7:12 0 516M 1 loop /snap/gnome-42-2204/202
loop13 7:13 0531.4M 1 loop /snap/gnome-42-2204/247
loop14 7:14 0606.1M 1 loop /snap/gnome-46-2404/153
loop15 7:15 091.7M 1 loop /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535
loop16 7:16 0 395M 1 loop /snap/mesa-2404/1165
loop17 7:17 0 74M 1 loop /snap/core22/2411
loop18 7:18 016.4M 1 loop /snap/firmware-updater/224
loop19 7:19 015.6M 1 loop /snap/snap-store/1338
loop20 7:20 049.1M 1 loop /snap/cups/1183
loop21 7:21 066.8M 1 loop /snap/core24/1643
loop22 7:22 047.9M 1 loop /snap/cups/1206
loop23 7:23 0 186M 1 loop /snap/chromium/3444
loop24 7:24 0188.7M 1 loop /snap/chromium/3459
loop25 7:25 0228.5M 1 loop /snap/thunderbird/1138
nvme0n1 259:0 0476.9G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 300M 0 part /boot/efi
└─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0476.6G 0 part /
pi@pi:~$ lsblk-a
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
loop0 7:0 0 4K 1 loop /snap/bare/5
loop1 7:1 048.4M 1 loop /snap/snapd/26382
loop2 7:2 049.3M 1 loop /snap/snapd/26865
loop3 7:3 0248.6M 1 loop /snap/firefox/8417
loop4 7:4 0248.5M 1 loop /snap/firefox/8387
loop5 7:5 0 580K 1 loop /snap/snapd-desktop-integration/361
loop6 7:6 0227.7M 1 loop /snap/thunderbird/1117
loop7 7:7 0 580K 1 loop /snap/snapd-desktop-integration/357
loop8 7:8 0 74M 1 loop /snap/core22/2339
loop9 7:9 015.7M 1 loop /snap/snap-store/1367
loop10 7:10 066.8M 1 loop /snap/core24/1587
loop11 7:11 016.5M 1 loop /snap/firmware-updater/226
loop12 7:12 0 516M 1 loop /snap/gnome-42-2204/202
loop13 7:13 0531.4M 1 loop /snap/gnome-42-2204/247
loop14 7:14 0606.1M 1 loop /snap/gnome-46-2404/153
loop15 7:15 091.7M 1 loop /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535
loop16 7:16 0 395M 1 loop /snap/mesa-2404/1165
loop17 7:17 0 74M 1 loop /snap/core22/2411
loop18 7:18 016.4M 1 loop /snap/firmware-updater/224
loop19 7:19 015.6M 1 loop /snap/snap-store/1338
loop20 7:20 049.1M 1 loop /snap/cups/1183
loop21 7:21 066.8M 1 loop /snap/core24/1643
loop22 7:22 047.9M 1 loop /snap/cups/1206
loop23 7:23 0 186M 1 loop /snap/chromium/3444
loop24 7:24 0188.7M 1 loop /snap/chromium/3459
loop25 7:25 0228.5M 1 loop /snap/thunderbird/1138
loop26 7:26 0 0B 1 loop
loop27 7:27 0 0B 0 loop
nvme0n1 259:0 0476.9G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 300M 0 part /boot/efi
└─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0476.6G 0 part /
$RANDOM：生成随机数字
pi@pi:~$ echo$RANDOM
23778
pi@pi:~$ echo$RANDOM
8054
pi@pi:~$
history：查看历史命令
pi@pi:~$ echo$HISTSIZE
1000
pi@pi:~$ history10
1280 netstat -nat | awk'{print $6}' | sort | uniq -c
1281 lsblk
1282 lsblk -a
1283$RANDOM
1284echo$RANDOM
1285 history
1286echo$HISTORY
1287echo$HISISIZE
1288echo$HISTSIZE
1289 history 10
pi@pi:~$ # 清除记录
pi@pi:~$ history-c
pi@pi:~$ history
1 history
pi@pi:~$
tar、zip、unzip：解压、压缩
# 解压
tar -xvf 文件名.tar
tar -zxvf 文件名.tar.gz
tar -jxvf 文件名.tar.bz2
zip -r demo.zip ./demo/*
# 压缩
tar -czvf archive.tar.gz directory
tar -cjvf archive.tar.bz2 directory
tar -cJvf archive.tar.xz directory
unzip demo.zip
find：查找命令
# 在当前目录及子目录中查找大写字母开头的txt文件
find ./ -name'[A-Z]*.txt'-print
pi@pi:~$ find ./Downloads -type f -size+1G 2>/dev/null | xargs du -shm | sort-nr
34559 ./Downloads/bruce.tar
第1部分：查找文件find ./Downloads -type f -size +1G 2>/dev/null
find：查找文件和目录的命令。
./Downloads：指定查找的起始目录为当前目录下的Downloads文件夹。
-type f：限定只查找普通文件（f 代表 file），排除目录、链接等。
-size +1G：限定只查找大小超过1吉字节（Gigabyte）的文件。+号表示“大于”。
2>/dev/null：将命令执行过程中的错误信息（如“权限不足”）重定向到“黑洞”/dev/null，从而屏蔽所有错误提示，使输出结果更清晰。
第2部分：计算文件大小| xargs du -shm
第3部分：排序| sort -nr
grep：过滤文本工具
# 显示行号，过滤passwd文件中包含root文本的行
pi@pi:~$ grep-n root /etc/passwd
1:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
48:nm-openvpn:x:121:122:NetworkManager OpenVPN,,,:/var/lib/openvpn/chroot:/usr/sbin/nologin
52:snapd-range-524288-root:x:524288:524288::/nonexistent:/usr/bin/false
pi@pi:~$
tail：查看文件内容命令
# 查看最后5行内容
pi@pi:~$ tail-n5 /etc/passwd
xrdp:x:123:124::/run/xrdp:/usr/sbin/nologin
snapd-range-524288-root:x:524288:524288::/nonexistent:/usr/bin/false
snap_daemon:x:584788:584788::/nonexistent:/usr/bin/false
iperf3:x:124:127::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
gitlab-runner:x:997:984:GitLab Runner:/home/gitlab-runner:/bin/bash
# 实时查看并刷新最后5行内容，适用于动态查看文件场景
pi@pi:~$ tail-n5-f /etc/passwd
xrdp:x:123:124::/run/xrdp:/usr/sbin/nologin
snapd-range-524288-root:x:524288:524288::/nonexistent:/usr/bin/false
snap_daemon:x:584788:584788::/nonexistent:/usr/bin/false
iperf3:x:124:127::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
gitlab-runner:x:997:984:GitLab Runner:/home/gitlab-runner:/bin/bash
ss：用于查看Linux网络状态
# 查看当前机器已开启的端口
pi@pi:~$ ss-ntl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 04096127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 04096127.0.0.53%lo:53 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 050.0.0.0:34003 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0128127.0.0.1:43335 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 040960.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
ps：查看Linux进程占用信息
# 查看已启动的进程占用信息
pi@pi:~$ ps-ef
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1002月06 ? 01:25:36 /sbin/init splash
root 2002月06 ? 00:00:09 [kthreadd]
root 3202月06 ? 00:00:00 [pool_workqueue_release]
root 4202月06 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/R-rcu_gp]
root 5202月06 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/R-sync_wq]
root 6202月06 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/R-kvfree_rcu_reclaim]
root 7202月06 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/R-slub_flushwq]
root 8202月06 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/R-netns]
root 10202月06 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/0:0H-events_highpri]
root 13202月06 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/R-mm_percpu_wq]
# 查看所有在内存中的进程占用信息， head -n 5仅显示前五行内容
pi@pi:~$ ps-aux | head -n5
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 10.0 0.0 2388812716 ? Ss 2月06 85:36 /sbin/init splash
root 20.0 0.0 00 ? S 2月06 0:09 [kthreadd]
root 30.0 0.0 00 ? S 2月06 0:00 [pool_workqueue_release]
root 40.0 0.0 00 ? I< 2月06 0:00 [kworker/R-rcu_gp]
pi@pi:~$
# 查看指定用户开启的进程占用信息
pi@pi:~$ ps-u pi
PID TTY TIME CMD
2598 ? 00:01:28 systemd
2603 ? 00:00:00 (sd-pam)
2614 ? 00:00:00 pipewire
2615 ? 00:00:00 pipewire
2621 ? 00:00:54 wireplumber
2638 ? 00:00:00 pipewire-pulse
2643 ? 00:00:05 dbus-daemon
2715 ? 00:00:00 xdg-document-po
2720 ? 00:00:00 xdg-permission-
3338 ? 00:03:12 sshd
3375 ? 20:04:57 java
# 查看内存占用前2的进程信息
pi@pi:~$ ps aux | sort-k4,4nr | head -n2
pi 79312515.1 14.5 68502162329152 ? Ssl 2月12 25302:47 /usr/bin/gnome-shell
gdm 21882.3 14.0 61798042247656 tty1 Sl+2月06 4040:54 /usr/bin/gnome-shell
pi@pi:~$
scp：文件传输命令
# 将当前机器的/home/pi路径下的demo.txt文件传送到10.0.0.100的机器的/home/user/Downloads目录
scp /home/pi/demo.txt user@10.0.0.100:/home/user/Downloads
# 将10.0.0.100的机器的/home/user/Downloads目录下的demo02.txt文件下载到当前机器的当前目录
scp user@10.0.0.100:/home/user/Downloads/demo02.txt ./
# 传输目录时需要加 -r 参数
scp -r ./demo user@10.0.0.100:/home/user/Downloads
route：获取和配置IP路由表
# 显示当前机器的路由信息
pi@pi:~$ route-n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 10.40.3.254 0.0.0.0 UG 10200 eth0
10.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 10100 eth1
10.40.3.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 10200 eth0
172.17.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 000 docker0
# 添加指定网卡的路由表 add参数
# netmask 子网掩码
route add -net10.1.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0
# 屏蔽某条路由 reject参数
route add -net225.0.0.0 netmask 241.0.0.0 reject
# 删除某条路由信息 del参数
route del -net225.0.0.0 netmask 241.0.0.0
lsattr：显示文件属性
pi@pi:~$ lsattr /etc/passwd
--------------e------- /etc/passwd
pi@pi:~$
chmod：更改文件属性
● 7：表示rwx，拥有读、写和执行的权限
● 6：表示rw-，拥有读和写的权限
● 5：表示rx，拥有读取和执行的权限
● 4：表示r--，拥有只读权限
● 3：表示-wx，拥有写入和执行的权限
● 2：表示-w-，拥有只写权限
● 1：表示- x，仅拥有执行权限
● 0：表示---，无权限
pi@pi:~$ ls-lha demo.log
-rw-rw-r--1 pi pi 8.1K 6月 417:21 demo.log
pi@pi:~$ chmod777 demo.log
pi@pi:~$ ls-lha demo.log
-rwxrwxrwx1 pi pi 8.1K 6月 417:21 demo.log
pi@pi:~$
# 递归更改权限
chmod-R777 /
# 递归 / 目录下的所有文件权限为777 包括目录文件，Linux一切皆文件
# <<<如果改成000 那将任何人都无法使用>>>
rmdir：删除空目录，目录中有数据则不会删除
ln：创建软硬链接
# 软连接 相当于Windows中的创建快捷方式
ln-s [原始文件/目录] [目标链接文件/目录]
# 硬链接 相当于直接复制一份
ln [原始文件/目录] [目标链接文件/目录]
wc：统计行数和字节数
# 统计输出内容的行数
pi@pi:~$ cat /etc/passwd | wc-l
55
useradd、userdel、passwd：新增、删除、修改用户密码
# 新增用户
useradd bruce
root@pi:/home/pi# useradd bruce
root@pi:/home/pi# tail -n 1 /etc/passwd
bruce:x:1001:1001::/home/bruce:/bin/sh
root@pi:/home/pi#
# 修改密码
root@pi:/home/pi# passwd bruce
New password:
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully
root@pi:/home/pi#
# 删除用户
userdel bruce
root@pi:/home/pi# userdel bruce
root@pi:/home/pi#
sort：文本信息排序
-n 按数值大小排序
-t 指定分隔符,没有指定时,以空白作为分隔符
-b 忽略每行开始的空格
-o 结果输出文件
-r 以相反顺序排序
-m 合并已经有序的文件,不排序
-f 忽略大小写
-d 排序时只按字母、数字或空格,忽略其它字符
-u 去除重复的行
-k2.4,5.6 指的是从第二个字段的第4 个字符开始比较，一直比到第五个字段的第六个字符
# 默认以字母顺序排序
pi@pi:~$ sort /etc/passwd
_apt:x:42:65534::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
avahi:x:108:111:Avahi mDNS daemon,,,:/run/avahi-daemon:/usr/sbin/nologin
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
lscpu：查看当前机器的CPU信息
pi@pi:~$ lscpu
Architecture: x86_64
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 4
# 当前机器在线的CPU列表
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
Model name: Intel(R) N150
CPU family: 6
Model: 190
# 每个核心的线程数
Thread(s) per core: 1
# 每个插槽的核心数
Core(s) per socket: 4
Socket(s): 1
Stepping: 0
CPU(s) scaling MHz: 20%
CPU max MHz: 3600.0000
CPU min MHz: 700.0000
BogoMIPS: 1612.80
Virtualization features:
Virtualization: VT-x
Caches (sum of all):
L1d: 128 KiB (4 instances)
L1i: 256 KiB (4 instances)
L2: 2 MiB (1 instance)
L3: 6 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA:
NUMA node(s): 1
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
Vulnerabilities:
Gather data sampling: Not affected
Ghostwrite: Not affected
Itlb multihit: Not affected
L1tf: Not affected
Mds: Not affected
Meltdown: Not affected
Mmio stale data: Not affected
Reg file data sampling: Mitigation; Clear Register File
Retbleed: Not affected
Spec rstack overflow: Not affected
Spec store bypass: Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Spectre v1: Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
Spectre v2: Mitigation; Enhanced / Automatic IBRS; IBPB conditional; PBRSB-eIBRS Not affected; BHI BHI_DIS
_S
Srbds: Not affected
Tsx async abort: Not affected
pi@pi:~$
lspci：查看当前机器的硬件信息
# ----------------------------------------
lspci -n/-nn：显示设备的vendor 厂商号和device 设备号 显示厂商等信息和名称
lspci -D：显示设备的厂商号 设备号 Class 号
# ----------------------------------------
pi@pi:~$ lspci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Device 461c
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Alder Lake-N [Intel Graphics]
00:04.0 Signal processing controller: Intel Corporation Alder Lake Innovation Platform Framework Processor Participant
00:08.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Device 467e
00:0a.0 Signal processing controller: Intel Corporation Platform Monitoring Technology (rev 01)
00:0d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Device 464e
00:12.0 Serial controller: Intel Corporation Device 54fc
00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Alder Lake-N PCH USB 3.2 xHCI Host Controller
00:14.2 RAM memory: Intel Corporation Alder Lake-N PCH Shared SRAM
00:14.3 Network controller: Intel Corporation CNVi: Wi-Fi
00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Alder Lake-N PCH HECI Controller
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 54be
00:1d.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 54b0
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Alder Lake-N PCH eSPI Controller
00:1f.3 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation Alder Lake-N PCH High Definition Audio Controller
00:1f.4 SMBus: Intel Corporation Device 54a3
00:1f.5 Serial bus controller: Intel Corporation Device 54a4
01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8125 2.5GbE Controller (rev 0c)
02:00.0 Non-Volatile memory controller: Micron Technology Inc 2400 NVMe SSD (DRAM-less) (rev 03)
shutdown、init、reboot、poweroff：关机重启相关命令
# 关机
init 0
poweroff
# 重启
reboot
# 2分钟后重启
shutdown -r+2
# 马上关闭系统
shutdown -h now
less、more：查看文件信息
# more命令和cat的功能一样都是查看文件里的内容，但有所不同的是more可以按页来查看文件的内容
# less与more类似，但使用less可以随意浏览文件，而more仅能向前移动，却不能向后移动，
# less在查看之前不会加载整个文件
# j向下查看，k向上查看
source：初始化系统文件，改变系统文件之后可使用此命令让配置生效
who：查看有哪些用户登录当前机器
pi@pi:~$ who
pi pts/2 2026-02-0915:20
pi pts/4 2026-06-0810:54 (172.21.56.5)
pi pts/6 2026-02-0915:20
pi pts/7 2026-06-0814:53 (10.40.3.86)
pi@pi:~$
last：查看详细用户登录信息
pi@pi:~$ last
pi pts/7 10.40.3.86 Mon Jun 814:53 still logged in
pi pts/4 172.21.56.5 Mon Jun 810:54 still logged in
pi pts/4 172.21.56.5 Thu Jun 415:18 -13:23 (22:05)
pi pts/4 172.21.56.5 Tue Jun 217:38 -04:33 (10:55)
pi pts/7 172.21.56.5 Tue Jun 217:05 -17:06 (00:00)
md5sum：文件md5校验
如果文件发生变化，那么md5值则会发生改变
pi@pi:~$ md5sum demo.log
1512a7970bcbcdbbfcd958366110b2e9 demo.log
pi@pi:~$ ehco" " > demo.log
pi@pi:~$ md5sum demo.log
d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e demo.log
pi@pi:~$
ssh-keygen：生成SSH秘钥
vim：文本编辑器
【G】光标移动到文件的最后一行（第一个字符处）
【nG】n 为数字（下同），移动到当前文件中第n 行
【gg】移动到文件的第一行，相当于"1G"
【dd】删除光标所在的一整行
【ndd】删除光标所在的向下n 行
【nyy】复制光标所在的向下n 行 yank
【p,P】p 为将已经复制的数据在光标下一行粘贴；P 为将已经复制的数据在光标上一行粘贴 paste
【:q!】不保存强制离开vi
【:wq】保存后离开
【:wq!】强制保存后离开
docker：容器命令
# 查看docker版本
docker version
# 查看容器信息
docker info
# 拉取镜像
docker pull 镜像名
# 从宿主机拷贝文件到docker容器
docker cp 文件名称 容器id:/home/root/
# 导出镜像到本地
docker save -o 本地存储的镜像名称 镜像名
# 导入镜像
docker load < /home/save_images.tar
# 拉取镜像仓库所有镜像
docker pull -a
# 查看启动容器信息
docker ps
# 查看指定容器进程信息
docker top 容器ID
# 查看容器日志
docker logs 容器ID
# 获取容器元信息
docker inspect 容器ID
10个月宝宝每天需要喝多少奶粉？
