Python零基础入门(九):Pillow图片处理进阶
上篇搞定了基础操作——打开、保存、缩放、裁剪、旋转、调色。
这篇来点实用的:画文字图形、批量处理图片、做一个证件照生成器。
👉 没看过上篇?点这里
一、绘制文字和图形
画基本图形
from PIL import Image, ImageDrawimg = Image.new("RGB", (400, 300), "white")draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)# 画线:起点、终点、颜色、粗细draw.line([(0, 0), (400, 300)], fill="red", width=3)# 画矩形:左上角、右下角draw.rectangle([(50, 50), (150, 100)], outline="green", width=2)draw.rectangle([(200, 50), (300, 100)], fill="yellow") # 填充色# 画椭圆draw.ellipse([(50, 150), (150, 200)], outline="purple", width=2)# 画多边形draw.polygon([(200, 220), (250, 280), (300, 220)], fill="pink")img.save("shapes.png")
写文字
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFontimg = Image.new("RGB", (400, 200), "white")draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)# 默认字体(很小,只适合测试)draw.text((50, 50), "Hello, Pillow!", fill="black")# 用自定义字体(中文必须用中文字体文件)try: font = ImageFont.truetype("C:/Windows/Fonts/msyh.ttc", 36) # 微软雅黑except: font = ImageFont.load_default()draw.text((50, 100), "你好,世界!", fill="red", font=font)img.save("text.png")
字体路径参考:
- • Windows:
C:/Windows/Fonts/msyh.ttc(微软雅黑)、simhei.ttf(黑体) - • Mac:
/System/Library/Fonts/PingFang.ttc - • Linux:
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/dejavu/DejaVuSans.ttf
添加水印
这是实际项目里最常见的需求:
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFontdef add_watermark(image_path, text, output_path, position="bottom-right", opacity=128): """ 给图片加文字水印 position: top-left, top-right, bottom-left, bottom-right, center opacity: 透明度 0-255 """ img = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGBA") # 新建透明图层画水印 watermark = Image.new("RGBA", img.size, (0, 0, 0, 0)) draw = ImageDraw.Draw(watermark) try: font = ImageFont.truetype("C:/Windows/Fonts/msyh.ttc", 36) except: font = ImageFont.load_default() # 算文字尺寸 bbox = draw.textbbox((0, 0), text, font=font) text_w = bbox[2] - bbox[0] text_h = bbox[3] - bbox[1] # 算位置 margin = 20 positions = { "top-left": (margin, margin), "top-right": (img.width - text_w - margin, margin), "bottom-left": (margin, img.height - text_h - margin), "bottom-right": (img.width - text_w - margin, img.height - text_h - margin), "center": ((img.width - text_w) // 2, (img.height - text_h) // 2), } x, y = positions.get(position, positions["bottom-right"]) # 画水印 draw.text((x, y), text, fill=(255, 255, 255, opacity), font=font) # 合并图层,转回RGB保存 result = Image.alpha_composite(img, watermark) result.convert("RGB").save(output_path, quality=95) print(f"水印已添加:{output_path}")# 用法add_watermark("photo.jpg", "© 2024 My Photo", "output.jpg")
二、批量处理
一张一张手动处理?不存在的。写个循环批量搞定。
批量调整尺寸
import osfrom PIL import Imagedef batch_resize(input_dir, output_dir, size=(800, 600)): os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True) for f in os.listdir(input_dir): if f.lower().endswith(('.jpg', '.jpeg', '.png', '.bmp', '.webp')): try: with Image.open(os.path.join(input_dir, f)) as img: img.thumbnail(size, Image.Resampling.LANCZOS) img.save(os.path.join(output_dir, f), quality=95) print(f"✓ {f}") except Exception as e: print(f"✗ {f}: {e}")# batch_resize("photos", "photos_resized", (1024, 768))
批量转格式
def batch_convert(input_dir, output_dir, target="PNG"): os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True) for f in os.listdir(input_dir): if f.lower().endswith(('.jpg', '.jpeg', '.png', '.bmp', '.webp')): name = os.path.splitext(f)[0] new_f = f"{name}.{target.lower()}" try: img = Image.open(os.path.join(input_dir, f)) if target == "JPEG" and img.mode == "RGBA": img = img.convert("RGB") # JPEG不支持透明 img.save(os.path.join(output_dir, new_f), target) print(f"✓ {f} → {new_f}") except Exception as e: print(f"✗ {f}: {e}")# batch_convert("photos_png", "photos_jpg", "JPEG")
生成缩略图网格
把一堆图片拼成一张预览图,方便查看:
def create_thumbnail_grid(input_dir, output_path, thumb_size=(150, 150), cols=4, padding=10): files = [f for f in os.listdir(input_dir) if f.lower().endswith(('.jpg', '.jpeg', '.png', '.bmp', '.webp'))] if not files: print("没找到图片") return rows = (len(files) + cols - 1) // cols w = cols * (thumb_size[0] + padding) + padding h = rows * (thumb_size[1] + padding) + padding grid = Image.new("RGB", (w, h), (255, 255, 255)) for i, f in enumerate(files): img = Image.open(os.path.join(input_dir, f)) img.thumbnail(thumb_size, Image.Resampling.LANCZOS) row, col = i // cols, i % cols x = padding + col * (thumb_size[0] + padding) + (thumb_size[0] - img.width) // 2 y = padding + row * (thumb_size[1] + padding) + (thumb_size[1] - img.height) // 2 grid.paste(img, (x, y)) grid.save(output_path, quality=95) print(f"网格已保存:{output_path}")# create_thumbnail_grid("photos", "grid.jpg", cols=5)
三、综合实战:证件照处理器
把前面学的全串起来,做一个实用的证件照工具:
from PIL import Imageimport osclass IDPhotoProcessor: """证件照处理器""" # 常用尺寸(300dpi下的像素值) SIZES = { "一寸": (295, 413), "二寸": (413, 579), "小一寸": (260, 378), "小二寸": (413, 531), } def __init__(self, image_path): self.original = Image.open(image_path) self.processed = self.original.copy() def resize_to_id(self, size_name="一寸"): """调整为证件照尺寸(等比缩放,居中填充白边)""" if size_name not in self.SIZES: raise ValueError(f"不支持:{size_name},可选:{list(self.SIZES.keys())}") target = self.SIZES[size_name] # 等比缩放 ratio = min(target[0] / self.processed.width, target[1] / self.processed.height) new_size = (int(self.processed.width * ratio), int(self.processed.height * ratio)) self.processed = self.processed.resize(new_size, Image.Resampling.LANCZOS) # 居中放到白色画布上 canvas = Image.new("RGB", target, (255, 255, 255)) x = (target[0] - new_size[0]) // 2 y = (target[1] - new_size[1]) // 2 canvas.paste(self.processed, (x, y)) self.processed = canvas return self def add_border(self, width=2, color=(0, 0, 0)): """加边框""" w, h = self.processed.size canvas = Image.new("RGB", (w + 2 * width, h + 2 * width), color) canvas.paste(self.processed, (width, width)) self.processed = canvas return self def create_print_sheet(self, count=8, size_name="一寸"): """生成A4打印排版""" self.resize_to_id(size_name) photo = self.processed.copy() # A4 300dpi: 2480x3508 a4_w, a4_h = 2480, 3508 pad = 50 cols = (a4_w - pad) // (photo.width + pad) rows = (a4_h - pad) // (photo.height + pad) sheet = Image.new("RGB", (a4_w, a4_h), (255, 255, 255)) total_w = cols * (photo.width + pad) - pad total_h = rows * (photo.height + pad) - pad x_off = (a4_w - total_w) // 2 y_off = (a4_h - total_h) // 2 placed = 0 for row in range(rows): for col in range(cols): if placed >= count: break x = x_off + col * (photo.width + pad) y = y_off + row * (photo.height + pad) sheet.paste(photo, (x, y)) placed += 1 return sheet def save(self, output_path, quality=95): os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(output_path) or ".", exist_ok=True) if self.processed.mode == "RGBA": self.processed = self.processed.convert("RGB") self.processed.save(output_path, quality=quality) print(f"已保存:{output_path}")
用法:
# 生成一寸照processor = IDPhotoProcessor("my_photo.jpg")processor.resize_to_id("一寸")processor.save("output/一寸.jpg")# 生成带边框的二寸照processor = IDPhotoProcessor("my_photo.jpg")processor.resize_to_id("二寸").add_border().save("output/二寸_边框.jpg")# 生成A4打印排版processor = IDPhotoProcessor("my_photo.jpg")sheet = processor.create_print_sheet(count=8, size_name="一寸")sheet.save("output/一寸_排版.jpg")
小结
上下两篇加起来,Pillow的核心用法就这些:
| |
|---|
| Image.open() |
| resize() |
| crop((左, 上, 右, 下)) |
| rotate() |
| ImageEnhance |
| ImageFilter |
| ImageDraw |
| |
日常图片处理需求,Pillow基本都能覆盖。更高级的(人像抠图、目标检测)可以看看OpenCV或深度学习方案。