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[Linux C/C++]小小一个Hello world程序为什么由那么多文件编译而成?

  • 2026-01-27 11:34:41
[Linux C/C++]小小一个Hello world程序为什么由那么多文件编译而成?

在Linux平台上,大家都很熟悉如下经典的Hello world程序 - hello.c。

[root:~/work/v1/hello]# cat hello.c
//File Name: hello.c
//The hello world program
#include<stdio.h>
intmain()
{
printf("hello, world\n");
return0;
}
[root:~/work/v1/hello]#

问题:

假设hello.c源程序经过GCC编译后的可执行程序为hello,请问: hello可执行程序就只是由hello.c编译而成的吗?

hello.c编译和运行的过程如下:

  • 编译和链接:

[root:~/work/v1/hello]# gcc hello.c -o hello

[root:~/work/v1/hello]#

  • 运行:

[root:~/work/v1/hello]# ./hello

hello, world

[root:~/work/v1/hello]#

一切在预料之中,顺利的编译和运行。问题是,虽然上面编译的时候确实只输入了hello.c文件,但hello可执行程序真的就只是由hello.c一个文件编译成hello可执行程序吗?

hello可执行程序到底都由哪些文件编译而成的呢?

GCC提供了”-v”选项可以输出详细的编译过程。我们可以通过如下命令查看hello.c详细的编译过程:

[root:~/work/v1/hello]# gcc -v hello.c -o hello

Using built-in specs.

COLLECT_GCC=gcc

COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/lto-wrapper

OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none:hsa

OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1

Target: x86_64-linux-gnu

Configured  with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu  9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.2'  --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-9/README.Bugs  --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++,gm2  --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-9  --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared  --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib  --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib  --enable-nls --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug  --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new  --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-plugin  --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --with-target-system-zlib=auto  --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror  --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32  --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic  --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none=/build/gcc-9-9QDOt0/gcc-9-9.4.0/debian/tmp-nvptx/usr,hsa  --without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release  --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu  --target=x86_64-linux-gnu

Thread model: posix

gcc version 9.4.0 (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.2)

COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-o' 'hello' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'

/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/cc1  -quiet -v -imultiarch x86_64-linux-gnu hello.c -quiet -dumpbase hello.c  -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -auxbase hello -version  -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat  -Wformat-security -fstack-clash-protection -fcf-protection -o  /tmp/ccdeaBwe.s

GNU C17 (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.2) version 9.4.0 (x86_64-linux-gnu)

compiled by GNU C version 9.4.0, GMP version 6.2.0, MPFR version 4.0.2, MPC version 1.1.0, isl version isl-0.22.1-GMP

warning: MPFR header version 4.0.2 differs from library version 4.2.1.

warning: MPC header version 1.1.0 differs from library version 1.3.1.

GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072

ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/local/include/x86_64-linux-gnu"

ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/include-fixed"

ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/include"

#include "..." search starts here:

#include <...> search starts here:

/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/include

/usr/local/include

/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu

/usr/include

End of search list.

GNU C17 (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.2) version 9.4.0 (x86_64-linux-gnu)

compiled by GNU C version 9.4.0, GMP version 6.2.0, MPFR version 4.0.2, MPC version 1.1.0, isl version isl-0.22.1-GMP

warning: MPFR header version 4.0.2 differs from library version 4.2.1.

warning: MPC header version 1.1.0 differs from library version 1.3.1.

GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072

Compiler executable checksum: 01da938ff5dc2163489aa33cb3b747a7

COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-o' 'hello' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'

as -v --64 -o /tmp/ccXS77ga.o /tmp/ccdeaBwe.s

GNU assembler version 2.34 (x86_64-linux-gnu) using BFD version (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.34

COMPILER_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/

LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../../lib/:/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../:/lib/:/usr/lib/

COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-o' 'hello' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'

/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/collect2  -plugin /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/liblto_plugin.so  -plugin-opt=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/lto-wrapper  -plugin-opt=-fresolution=/tmp/ccEXwvue.res  -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s  -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc  -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s --build-id --eh-frame-hdr -m  elf_x86_64 --hash-style=gnu --as-needed -dynamic-linker  /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -pie -z now -z relro -o hello  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtbeginS.o  -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9  -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu  -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../../lib  -L/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu  -L/usr/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../..  /tmp/ccXS77ga.o -lgcc --push-state --as-needed -lgcc_s --pop-state -lc  -lgcc --push-state --as-needed -lgcc_s --pop-state  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtendS.o  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o

COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-o' 'hello' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'

[root:~/work/v1/hello]#

在编译的最后阶段,我们看到如下的过程:

/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/collect2  -plugin /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/liblto_plugin.so  -plugin-opt=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/lto-wrapper  -plugin-opt=-fresolution=/tmp/ccEXwvue.res  -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s  -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc  -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s --build-id --eh-frame-hdr -m  elf_x86_64 --hash-style=gnu --as-needed -dynamic-linker  /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -pie -z now -z relro -o hello  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtbeginS.o  -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9  -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu  -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../../lib  -L/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu  -L/usr/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../..  /tmp/ccXS77ga.o -lgcc --push-state --as-needed -lgcc_s --pop-state -lc  -lgcc --push-state --as-needed -lgcc_s --pop-state  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtendS.o  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o

可以看到可执行程序hello,并不是由hello.o (编译过程使用临时文件 - /tmp/ccXS77ga.o)一个文件生成的,在链接的时候GCC编译器还给hello程序链接了另外5个.o文件(当然还链接了一些库文件,如-lgcc, -lc等):

• Scrt1.o: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o

• crti.o: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o

• crtbeginS.o: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtbeginS.o

• crtendS.o: usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtendS.o

• crtn.o: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o

由于在linux上,路径中”..”表示上一级目录,把”..”解析之后,上面这些.o文件的路径为:

• Scrt1.o: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o

• crti.o: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o

• crtbeginS.o: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtbeginS.o

• crtendS.o: usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtendS.o

• crtn.o: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o

看到这里,你肯定会产生很多疑问,如:

• 为什么要链接这么多.o文件?

• 这些.o文件是做什么?

• 不链接这些.o文件是否可以?

• 这些.o文件从哪里来?它们的源码在哪里?

• 似乎这些.o文件都是以crt开头的,crt是什么意思?

• ……

C运行时库

CRT(C Runtime)是指C运行时库,它为C和C++程序提供了一组初始化和终止程序的基本构建模块。这些构建模块确保在main()函数执行之前和之后进行适当的初始化和清理工作。

为了更好地理解这些文件是如何工作的,可以考虑它们为程序的生命周期提供了一个基本框架:从程序的开始,到main函数的执行,再到程序的结束,每个阶段都有相应的初始化和清理工作需要完成,这些CRT文件就是为此目的而存在的。

  • Scrt1.o:  Scrt1.o是C运行时(CRT, C Runtime)的一部分,它们定义了ELF程序的入口点_start。尽管当我们编写C程序时通常会以  main() 作为起点,但实际上在进入 main()  之前还会执行很多初始化操作,这些操作由这些运行时目标文件中的代码实现。Scrt1.o对应的源码位于glibc源码的csu目录下(csu,即C  StartUp)。
  • crti.o 和 crtn.o :是C运行时的组件,它们为全局和静态对象的初始化和清理提供了所需的框架。crti.o来自crti.S,crtn.o来自crtn.S,crti.S和crtn.S位于glibc源码的sysdeps/x86-64/目录下。
  • crtbeginS.o和crtendS.o:   对于C++程序来说,我们需要实现在main函数执行之前/之后来调用全局或静态对象的构造/析构函数,这是由crtbeginS.o及crtendS.o这两个目标文件来实现的。crtbegin.o和crtend.o是gcc实现的,它们都来自文件gcc/crtstuff.c。

C运行时库的链接顺序

以下是这些运行时组件在链接过程中的一般顺序:

ld Scrt1.o crti.o crtbeginS.o [user_objects] [system_libraries] crtendS.o crtn.o

例如: 对于前面的hello程序,可以使用如下的命令来进行链接。

ld -dynamic-linker /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -o hello /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtbegin.o hello.o -lc /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtend.o/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o

例如: 如下是在Ubuntu 20.04.6上的运行情况:

• 首先编译出hell.o目标文件:

[root:~/work/v1/hello]# gcc -c hello.c

[root:~/work/v1/hello]#

• 通过ld命令进行链接:

[root:~/work/v1/hello]#  ld -dynamic-linker /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -o hello  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtbegin.o hello.o -lc  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/crtend.o  /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o

[root:~/work/v1/hello]#

运行:

[root:~/work/v1/hello]# ./hello

hello, world

[root:~/work/v1/hello]#

检查编译后的hello文件

我们可以对生成的hello可执行文件进行反汇编,看看hello里面有哪些内容:

[root:~/work/v1/hello]# objdump -d hello

hello: file format elf64-x86-64

Disassembly of section .init:

0000000000401000 <_init>:

401000: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64

401004: 48 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%rsp

401008: 48 8b 05 e9 2f 00 00 mov 0x2fe9(%rip),%rax # 403ff8 <__gmon_start__>

40100f: 48 85 c0 test %rax,%rax

401012: 74 02 je 401016 <_init+0x16>

401014: ff d0 callq *%rax

401016: 48 83 c4 08 add $0x8,%rsp

40101a: c3 retq

Disassembly of section .plt:

0000000000401020 <.plt>:

401020: ff 35 e2 2f 00 00 pushq 0x2fe2(%rip) # 404008 <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+0x8>

401026: f2 ff 25 e3 2f 00 00 bnd jmpq *0x2fe3(%rip) # 404010 <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+0x10>

40102d: 0f 1f 00 nopl (%rax)

401030: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64

401034: 68 00 00 00 00 pushq $0x0

401039: f2 e9 e1 ff ff ff bnd jmpq 401020 <.plt>

40103f: 90 nop

Disassembly of section .plt.sec:

0000000000401040 <puts@plt>:

401040: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64

401044: f2 ff 25 cd 2f 00 00 bnd jmpq *0x2fcd(%rip) # 404018 <puts@GLIBC_2.2.5>

40104b: 0f 1f 44 00 00 nopl 0x0(%rax,%rax,1)

Disassembly of section .text:

0000000000401050 <_start>:

401050: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64

401054: 31 ed xor %ebp,%ebp

401056: 49 89 d1 mov %rdx,%r9

401059: 5e pop %rsi

40105a: 48 89 e2 mov %rsp,%rdx

40105d: 48 83 e4 f0 and $0xfffffffffffffff0,%rsp

401061: 50 push %rax

401062: 54 push %rsp

401063: 49 c7 c0 d0 11 40 00 mov $0x4011d0,%r8

40106a: 48 c7 c1 60 11 40 00 mov $0x401160,%rcx

401071: 48 c7 c7 36 11 40 00 mov $0x401136,%rdi

401078: ff 15 72 2f 00 00 callq *0x2f72(%rip) # 403ff0 <__libc_start_main@GLIBC_2.2.5>

40107e: f4 hlt

40107f: 90 nop

……<由于篇幅原因,此处省略了一些汇编代码>

0000000000401136 <main>:

401136: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64

40113a: 55 push %rbp

40113b: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp

40113e: 48 8d 3d bf 0e 00 00 lea 0xebf(%rip),%rdi # 402004 <_IO_stdin_used+0x4>

401145: e8 f6 fe ff ff callq 401040 <puts@plt>

40114a: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax

40114f: 5d pop %rbp

401150: c3 retq

401151: 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 nopw %cs:0x0(%rax,%rax,1)

401158: 00 00 00

40115b: 0f 1f 44 00 00 nopl 0x0(%rax,%rax,1)

0000000000401160 <__libc_csu_init>:

401160: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64

401164: 41 57 push %r15

401166: 4c 8d 3d 93 2c 00 00 lea 0x2c93(%rip),%r15 # 403e00 <__frame_dummy_init_array_entry>

40116d: 41 56 push %r14

40116f: 49 89 d6 mov %rdx,%r14

401172: 41 55 push %r13

401174: 49 89 f5 mov %rsi,%r13

401177: 41 54 push %r12

401179: 41 89 fc mov %edi,%r12d

40117c: 55 push %rbp

40117d: 48 8d 2d 84 2c 00 00 lea 0x2c84(%rip),%rbp # 403e08

……<由于篇幅原因,此处省略了一些汇编代码>

Disassembly of section .fini:

00000000004011d8 <_fini>:

4011d8: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64

4011dc: 48 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%rsp

4011e0: 48 83 c4 08 add $0x8,%rsp

4011e4: c3 retq

[root:~/work/v1/hello]#

通过反汇编可以看到,hello可执行文件中除了hello.c源码中的main函数以外,还有很多的其他函数,而这些其他的函数正是来自于上面的C运行时库的.o文件。例如,我们可以反汇编Scrt1.o来进行检查:

[root:~/work/v1/hello]# objdump -d /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o

/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o: file format elf64-x86-64

Disassembly of section .text:

0000000000000000 <_start>:

0: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64

4: 31 ed xor %ebp,%ebp

6: 49 89 d1 mov %rdx,%r9

9: 5e pop %rsi

a: 48 89 e2 mov %rsp,%rdx

d: 48 83 e4 f0 and $0xfffffffffffffff0,%rsp

11: 50 push %rax

12: 54 push %rsp

13: 4c 8b 05 00 00 00 00 mov 0x0(%rip),%r8 # 1a <_start+0x1a>

1a: 48 8b 0d 00 00 00 00 mov 0x0(%rip),%rcx # 21 <_start+0x21>

21: 48 8b 3d 00 00 00 00 mov 0x0(%rip),%rdi # 28 <_start+0x28>

28: ff 15 00 00 00 00 callq *0x0(%rip) # 2e <_start+0x2e>

2e: f4 hlt

[root:~/work/v1/hello]#

可以看到Scrt1.o中的_start符号,hello可执行文件中的_start符号正是来自于Scrt1.o。

正如前面所说,这些.o文件意在为可执行程序提供程序启动前后的初始化和清理框架制,从而简化程序的开发工作,使程序员能够集中在程序本身的开发上。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000550s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=f_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000789s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.001304s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.008527s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000556s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000971s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000602s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 462025 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.015779s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1770545768 WHERE `id` = 462025 [ RunTime:0.010889s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 67 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000238s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 462025 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000980s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 462025 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000429s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 462025 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.005627s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 462025 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.032045s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 462025 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.011457s ]
0.158236s